tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Front Immunol
. 2026 Mar 10:17:1758831.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1758831. eCollection 2026.
Intranasal natural products for influenza treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies
Kaiqi Zhang[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Yao Lu[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Jingwen Yang[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Changqi Shi[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Ning Zhao[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Xiaojuan He[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Cheng Lu[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Li Li[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Background: Influenza imposes a heavy global public health burden, with current therapies limited by drug resistance and side effects. Natural products have antiviral potential, and intranasal delivery targets the respiratory tract. However, preclinical evidence lacks systematic evaluation, necessitating this review.
Methods: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis conducted per the PRISMA guidelines. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were retrieved and screened from the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Internet, VIP Information Chinese Periodical Service Platform, China Biology Medicine Disc, and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform databases. A meta-analysis was performed using R Studio software. The mean difference (MD) and relative risk (RR) were calculated using fixed effects or random effects models. Sources of heterogeneity, sensitivity, and publication bias were also explored.
Results: A total of 23 studies were included. The results of the meta-analysis revealed that compared with the control treatment, intranasal natural products significantly increased the survival rate (RR = 3.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.44 to 4.93, p < 0.001) and reduced the viral titer (MD = -1.30, 95% CI: -2.27--0.32, p=0.0092 < 0.01) and lung index (MD =-0.10, 95% CI: -0.19--0.02, p = 0.015 < 0.05). In addition, intranasal natural products exerted regulatory effects on the body weight and inflammatory cytokines of influenza-infected mice.
Conclusion: The results show that intranasal natural products significantly increase survival and reduce the lung viral load in influenza models, with preliminary exploration of the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Owing to methodological limitations and heterogeneity, high-quality preclinical studies and standardized animal experiments are needed.
Systematic review registration: https://inplasy.com/, identifier INPLASY INPLASY2025120006.
Keywords: influenza; intranasal; meta-analysis; natural products; systematic review.
. 2026 Mar 10:17:1758831.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1758831. eCollection 2026.
Intranasal natural products for influenza treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies
Kaiqi Zhang[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Yao Lu[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Jingwen Yang[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Changqi Shi[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Ning Zhao[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Xiaojuan He[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Cheng Lu[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Li Li[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 41884852
- PMCID: PMC13008708
- DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1758831
Background: Influenza imposes a heavy global public health burden, with current therapies limited by drug resistance and side effects. Natural products have antiviral potential, and intranasal delivery targets the respiratory tract. However, preclinical evidence lacks systematic evaluation, necessitating this review.
Methods: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis conducted per the PRISMA guidelines. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were retrieved and screened from the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Internet, VIP Information Chinese Periodical Service Platform, China Biology Medicine Disc, and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform databases. A meta-analysis was performed using R Studio software. The mean difference (MD) and relative risk (RR) were calculated using fixed effects or random effects models. Sources of heterogeneity, sensitivity, and publication bias were also explored.
Results: A total of 23 studies were included. The results of the meta-analysis revealed that compared with the control treatment, intranasal natural products significantly increased the survival rate (RR = 3.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.44 to 4.93, p < 0.001) and reduced the viral titer (MD = -1.30, 95% CI: -2.27--0.32, p=0.0092 < 0.01) and lung index (MD =-0.10, 95% CI: -0.19--0.02, p = 0.015 < 0.05). In addition, intranasal natural products exerted regulatory effects on the body weight and inflammatory cytokines of influenza-infected mice.
Conclusion: The results show that intranasal natural products significantly increase survival and reduce the lung viral load in influenza models, with preliminary exploration of the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Owing to methodological limitations and heterogeneity, high-quality preclinical studies and standardized animal experiments are needed.
Systematic review registration: https://inplasy.com/, identifier INPLASY INPLASY2025120006.
Keywords: influenza; intranasal; meta-analysis; natural products; systematic review.