tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Front Immunol
. 2022 Aug 15;13:952229.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.952229. eCollection 2022.
Heterologous immunity induced by 1 [SUP]st[/SUP] generation COVID-19 vaccines and its role in developing a pan-coronavirus vaccine
Raj S Patel[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Babita Agrawal[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative infectious agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, has led to multiple (4-6) waves of infections worldwide during the past two years. The development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 has led to successful mass immunizations worldwide, mitigating the worldwide mortality due the pandemic to a great extent. Yet the evolution of new variants highlights a need to develop a universal vaccine which can prevent infections from all virulent SARS-CoV-2. Most of the current first generation COVID-19 vaccines are based on the Spike protein from the original Wuhan-hu-1 virus strain. It is encouraging that they still protect from serious illnesses, hospitalizations and mortality against a number of mutated viral strains, to varying degrees. Understanding the mechanisms by which these vaccines provide heterologous protection against multiple highly mutated variants can reveal strategies to develop a universal vaccine. In addition, many unexposed individuals have been found to harbor T cells that are cross-reactive against SARS-CoV-2 antigens, with a possible protective role. In this review, we will discuss various aspects of natural or vaccine-induced heterologous (cross-reactive) adaptive immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses, and their role in achieving the concept of a pan-coronavirus vaccine.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; heterologous immunity; pan-coronavirus vaccine; universal vaccine development.
. 2022 Aug 15;13:952229.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.952229. eCollection 2022.
Heterologous immunity induced by 1 [SUP]st[/SUP] generation COVID-19 vaccines and its role in developing a pan-coronavirus vaccine
Raj S Patel[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Babita Agrawal[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 36045689
- PMCID: PMC9420909
- DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.952229
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative infectious agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, has led to multiple (4-6) waves of infections worldwide during the past two years. The development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 has led to successful mass immunizations worldwide, mitigating the worldwide mortality due the pandemic to a great extent. Yet the evolution of new variants highlights a need to develop a universal vaccine which can prevent infections from all virulent SARS-CoV-2. Most of the current first generation COVID-19 vaccines are based on the Spike protein from the original Wuhan-hu-1 virus strain. It is encouraging that they still protect from serious illnesses, hospitalizations and mortality against a number of mutated viral strains, to varying degrees. Understanding the mechanisms by which these vaccines provide heterologous protection against multiple highly mutated variants can reveal strategies to develop a universal vaccine. In addition, many unexposed individuals have been found to harbor T cells that are cross-reactive against SARS-CoV-2 antigens, with a possible protective role. In this review, we will discuss various aspects of natural or vaccine-induced heterologous (cross-reactive) adaptive immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses, and their role in achieving the concept of a pan-coronavirus vaccine.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; heterologous immunity; pan-coronavirus vaccine; universal vaccine development.