Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

[Giuseppe]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

Flu vaccines not as effective this year as in the past: DOH - Taiwan News Online

Flu vaccines not as effective this year as in the past: DOH

Central News Agency
2009-02-03 10:59 PM
Taipei, Feb. 3 (CNA)

Influenza vaccines that proved to be effective late last year have failed to live up to expectations early this year, the Department of Health (DOH) said Tuesday.


Chou Jih-haw, deputy director general of DOH's Centers for Disease Control, said more than 3.2 million free flu shots were given to the public in autumn and winter last year.

"Judging from the number of influenza cases in the fourth quarter of 2008, it was significantly lower than in the same period the previous year," Chou said.

"But this year, tests of flu viruses on the patients showed that the results have not been as good as expected," he continued.

Chou said influenza vaccines given in autumn 2008 and this winter should be effective against the H1N1 and H3N2 viruses, and tests taken from patients who were inoculated last year proved their effectiveness.

But in January, tests found the vaccines did not work on 70 percent of those with H1N1 viruses and 40 percent of those with the H3N2 virus.

A vaccine is considered effective if it controls the virus in 80 percent to 90 percent of those inoculated.

Chou would not categorize the vaccines as ineffective, however, because influenza viruses are "prone to mutation, " meaning that the virus formula for producing vaccines must be changed on a yearly basis.

A former CDC director suggested Tuesday that part of the problem may be that flu viruses tend to strike Taiwan between six months and two years earlier than European countries and the United States.

Su Ih-jen, director of the Division of Clinical Research of the National Health Research Institutes, said that because of the time lag, influenza vaccines produced by European and American pharmaceutical makers based on data provided by the World Health Organization could not keep up with the outbreak of flu in Asia.

Su noted that with close exchanges between Taiwan and China, Taiwan has become an outpost of influenza outbreaks.

The World Health Organization began to address the issue of different prevalent viruses in Asia and Europe last April.

Currently, two out of five major vaccine manufacturers have made inroads into China, and the production of Asian influenza vaccines "has become a trend," he said.

Su suggested that the virus in every influenza outbreak is slightly different, and that "it can show major changes about every five years, so the effectiveness of vaccines can diminish." (By Lilian Wu)
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​

<cite cite="http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=855358&lang=eng_news">Flu vaccines not as effective this year as in the past: DOH - Taiwan News Online</cite>

 

[HenryN]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

Flu Outbreak In Virginia?

Posted:<SCRIPT language=JavaScript>var wn_last_ed_date = getLEDate("Feb 2, 2009 8:56 AM EST"); document.write(wn_last_ed_date);</SCRIPT> Feb 2, 2009 08:56 AM EST

It may be February, but flu season is still in full swing and posing a threat. The Centers for Disease Control says there's a flu outbreak in Virginia. They say Virginia is one of two states now reporting widespread flu illnesses. But some doctors don't believe it's that bad. Dr. Frank Tortorella tells CBS 6 while he is starting to see more cases of the flu, he doesn't believe there's a major epidemic. "That doesn't mean there's actually more flu because what they really record is influenza like illnesses, which can be fever, sore throat, cough."
State health department officials also say Virginia, unlike many others state, collects flu data electronically overnight. "I think our system for surveillance for influenza is more sensitive than what's being used in other states."
And here's some good news this flu season, this year's vaccine is proving to be very effective. "Last year, as you know, the vaccine was not well matched with the circulating strains. The vaccine seems to be well matched this year, so it's still wise to get the flu vaccine if you haven't done so," says Dr. Tortorella.
Another good reason to get the vaccine is that this year's flu strain is not responding well to a medication thousands took last year - Tamiflu.
And in this economy with thousands of workers now doing the jobs of two or three other people, businesses can't afford to have several workers calling in sick.
Virginia Health Department officials say while the flu did spike some in January, there's no reason to believe that the state has more cases of the flu than neighboring states.

http://www.wtvr.com/Global/story.asp?S=9770918&nav=menu79_1

 

[Giuseppe]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

Roche Second-Half Profit Falls 14%, Shares Slump (Update1)

By Dermot Doherty and Naomi Kresge

Feb. 4 (Bloomberg) --

Roche Holding AG?s second-half profit missed estimates, causing the Swiss drugmaker?s shares to record their worst drop in more than 11 years.

Net income fell to 4.15 billion Swiss francs ($3.6 billion) in the second half from 4.8 billion francs a year earlier. Analysts surveyed by Bloomberg News expected earnings of 4.86 billion francs. Roche dipped as much as 9.7 percent in Zurich trading, the steepest decline since Oct. 28, 1997.

Roche said profit this year will probably show little change excluding the effect of currencies. Demand for Tamiflu, one of two medicines that may help in the event of a bird flu pandemic, slumped as governments completed their stockpiles.

Roche, which last week went hostile in its offer to buy partner Genentech Inc., also said the weaker U.S. dollar eroded sales.

?This is generally a disappointment,? said Romain Pasche, a fund manager at Vontobel Asset Management in Zurich. The outlook for this year is unexpectedly cautious, according to Pasche.

Roche fell 11 francs, or 6.8 percent, to 151.6 francs at 9:14 a.m. in Zurich.

For the full year, profit dropped to 8.97 billion francs from 9.76 billion francs a year earlier, the Basel, Switzerland-based company said. Bloomberg News calculated second-half profit based on published reports.

?Fair Offer?

Sales of Tamiflu dropped 68 percent last year as governments and companies completed their stockpiling programs at the end of 2007, Roche said in a statement on its Web site.

The company also said it faced a stronger Swiss franc and lower financial income as interest rates fell.

Revenue from the best-selling cancer drug Avastin, developed by Genentech, helped support earnings, the company said. Roche offered $42.1 billion to buy the 44 percent of Genentech it doesn?t own on Jan. 30.

?We have delivered a very fair offer to Genentech shareholders,? Chief Executive Officer Severin Schwan said in a televised interview today. ?It is now up to them to decide. We have huge respect for Genentech.?

Roche is testing Avastin in over 400 clinical trials to expand its use. Products developed by South San Francisco-based Genentech account for about 40 percent of Roche?s revenue and also include the breast cancer treatment Herceptin.

Look Ahead

Avastin, approved for colon, lung and breast tumors, is the top-selling cancer medicine and may become the single best- selling drug in the world within six years, according to EvaluatePharma, a London-based consultant.

Roche in July offered $43.7 billion for the rest of Genentech, an offer the U.S. company rejected in August as too low. Last week, Roche went straight to shareholders with a lower bid.

?There is no Plan B,? Schwan said today. ?We are confident and we assume that most of the minority shareholders will tender their stock.?

Full control would help Roche boost income from Genentech medicines and ensure access to its labs after an existing accord expires in 2015.

Roche said it ?expects to continue to perform strongly in 2009.? Sales at the drugs and diagnostics units will grow ahead of the market, showing increases in the ?mid-single- digit range in local currencies,? according to the statement. Earnings per share at constant exchange rates will probably be little changed this year, the company said.

To contact the reporter on this story: Dermot Doherty in Geneva at ddoherty9@bloomberg.netNaomi Kresge in Zurich at nkresge@bloomberg.net
Last Updated: February 4, 2009 03:27 EST
-
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=ayBqO.eGuzAU
-----

 

[tropical]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

#104:
"as governments and companies completed their stockpiling programs at the end of 2007"

FT today's thread:

"220 millions de traitements Tamiflu disponibles dans le monde
http://www.flutrackers.com/forum/showthread.php?t=93286
BALE (Suisse) - Plus de 220 millions de traitements contre la grippe aviaire, avec le m?dicament Tamiflu, sont disponibles dans le monde, a indiqu? mercredi le groupe pharmaceutique suisse Roche, estimant cependant que ce volume ?tait faible par rapport ? la population mondiale.
Quelque "220 millions de traitements sont entre les mains des gouvernements pour un traitement de premi?re ligne", a affirm? le directeur de la division pharmaceutique William Burns, lors d'une conf?rence de presse ? B?le."


220 milion treatments for: "As of February 2009, the world's population is estimated to be about 6.75 billion (Wiki)"

and the stockpilling programs are "completed".

Must be some other reason for it's market plunging (resistance doubts maybe) ...

 

[Commonground]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

Must be some other reason for it's market plunging (resistance doubts maybe) ...

That's what I'm thinking Tropical.

 

[tropical]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

Hello Commonground, and thank you for the answer.

If it would go "Murphy way", we shall remain without antivirals, with no prepandemics, relying on handwashing and at least, with an changed human strain flagellating prior birdflu ...

This scientific-based 21 century begun in an disappointing way.

Even the Nostradamus version of "Crash of the Markets" revealed itself ...

 

[Giuseppe]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

It is worth noting that other antiviral drugs are available for treating seasonal and other influenza viruses.

Some are near the end of human trials (peramivir), while other are in advanced sperimentation phase (long lasting NA inhibitors).

As the recent paper by Donald Fedson (also at FT: http://www.flutrackers.com/forum/showthread.php?t=93097) stated that more new therapeutical approaches are urgently needed, I suggest readers may find in this article some argument of discussion beyond the oseltamivir issue and its unfortunate history.

 

[tropical]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

#108:
"... other drugs ..."
"more new therapeutical approaches are urgently needed"


Yes I agree that somewhere some other drugs exists, but looking at the cited esigue existing quantity of now becaming resistant drugs (Tamiflu and the previous ones), I'm strongly doubt that the other new drugs would reach the ordinary farmacies yet or fullfilled full the countries stocks.

So, the remaining ~6.5b people would remain without it, if looking the Tamiflu episode.

So, the new approaches are vacant and obviously widely needed, especialy in a situation of non willingness to change the "sacred" patent laws ...

 

[Giuseppe]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

#108:
"... other drugs ..."
"more new therapeutical approaches are urgently needed"


Yes I agree that somewhere some other drugs exists, but looking at the cited esigue existing quantity of now becaming resistant drugs (Tamiflu and the previous ones), I'm strongly doubt that the other new drugs would reach the ordinary farmacies yet or fullfilled full the countries stocks.

So, the remaining ~7.5b people would remain without it, if looking the Tamiflu episode.

So, the new approaches are vacant and obviously widely needed, especialy in a situation of non willingness to change the "sacred" patent laws ...

For this purpose, D. Fedson points toward other ''generic'' compounds, available in large quantities even in developing world. I invite you to read his interesting paper at the link provided above. It's not a hard tech paper and permits a wide discussion I think also at FT.

 

[tropical]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

For this purpose, D. Fedson points toward other ''generic'' compounds, available in large quantities even in developing world. I invite you to read his interesting paper at the link provided above. It's not a hard tech paper and permits a wide discussion I think also at FT.

I read your summary, and it remembers me other texts about here at FT, and elsewhere:

"For this reason, their leaders must convince scientists and international organizations, including WHO, of the urgent need for research to determine whether these inexpensive agents could mitigate the effects of a pandemic. Otherwise, developing and industrialized countries alike could be faced with an unprecedented global health crisis."

Frankly, after 5 years of birdflu cold starts, no matter the real state of the matter, and the non-enaugh-donations of 1/2 bucks per children for Af. immunizations, actual cholera spilling, etc., such above suggested process would have probably very small chances to reach the majority.

Especialy the realisation of the "must" story.

I remember the "curcumin" story, also.
Than the generic drugs "statins" story.

I haven't prejudices, but seems that on this world would have more chances the "Otherwise ..." process.

 

[miso]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

The Five Stages of the Death of Tamiflu (nee The Five Stages of Grief)

* Denial (we don't have to worry about Tamiflu resistance, that only happens in the lab, let's stockpile heaps of it)

* Anger (why is there resistance? Overuse? Poor dosage? Terrorist plot?)

* Bargaining (it's not useless, we can still use it, as long as it's with rimantidine)

* Depression (without Tamiflu we're all going to die of influenza A or bird flu)

* Acceptance (**** it,...we'll have to stockpile that other stuff,...what was it called?,...peramivir?*)


*peramivir is also useless against the h274y mutation,... but see "Denial"

 

[Giuseppe]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

[Full text and references at: http://www.flutrackers.com/forum/sho...70&postcount=1 - IOH]

Eurosurveillance, Volume 14, Issue 5, 05 February 2009

Research articles

Use of oseltamivir in 12 European countries between 2002 and 2007 ? lack of association with the appearance of oseltamivir-resistant influenza A(H1N1) viruses

P Kramarz 1, Dominique Monnet1, A Nicoll1, C Yilmaz2, B Ciancio1
1. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
2. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey

Citation style for this article: Kramarz P, Monnet D, Nicoll A, Yilmaz C, Ciancio B. Use of oseltamivir in 12 European countries between 2002 and 2007 ? lack of association with the appearance of oseltamivir-resistant influenza A(H1N1) viruses . Euro Surveill. 2009;14(5)ii=19112. Available online: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/View...rticleId=19112

Date of submission: 04 November 2008


Variable levels of oseltamivir resistance among seasonal influenza A(H1N1) isolates have been reported in Europe during the 2007-8 northern Hemisphere influenza season. It has been questioned whether oseltamivir use could have driven the emergence and predominance of resistant viruses. This study aimed at describing the levels of use of oseltamivir in 12 European Union (EU) Member States and European Economic Area (EEA)/European Free Trade Area (EFTA) countries. The data were converted into prescription rates and compared with the national proportions of resistant influenza A(H1N1) viruses through regression analysis. Overall use of oseltamivir in European countries between 2002 and 2007 was low compared to e.g. the use in Japan. High variability between the countries and over time was observed. In eight of the 12 countries, there was a peak of prescriptions in 2005, coinciding with concerns about a perceived threat from an influenza pandemic which might have lead to personal stockpiling. Ecological comparison between national levels of use of oseltamivir in 2007 and the proportions of A(H1N1) viruses that were resistant to oseltamivir showed no statistical association. In conclusion, our results do not support the hypothesis that the emergence and persistence of these viruses in 2007-8 was related to the levels of use of oseltamivir in Europe. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the reasons for different level of use between the countries.

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[HenryN]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

Officials: Tamiflu no longer combats dominant flu strain


<DL class=byline>Los Angeles Times <DD>10:40 PM EST, February 6, 2009 </DD></DL>A milder than usual U.S. flu season is masking a growing concern about widespread resistance to the antiviral drug Tamiflu and what that means for the nation's preparedness in case of a dangerous pandemic flu.

Tamiflu, the most commonly used influenza antiviral and the mainstay of the federal government's emergency drug stockpile, no longer works for the dominant flu strain circulating in much of the country, government officials said Tuesday.

Of samples tested since October, almost 100 percent of the strain -- known as type A H1N1 -- showed resistance to Tamiflu.

In response, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued new guidelines to physicians in December. Doctors were told to substitute an alternative antiviral, Relenza, for Tamiflu, or to combine Tamiflu with an older antiviral, rimantadine, if the H1N1 virus was the main strain circulating in their communities.
<!-- google ads --><!-- END google ads -->
<!-- END rail -->Each flu season, several types of flu viruses circulate, and various ones can dominate in different regions and times. Only the H1N1 virus is showing signs of Tamiflu resistance, CDC officials said, speaking at an influenza conference in Washington.

Other flu viruses currently circulating are not Tamiflu-resistant.

Each year, the three most prominent flu strains -- two type A's and one type B -- are chosen for the creation of the flu vaccine. Unlike last year, both of the A viruses matched this year's vaccine, although the B did not, officials said.

Public health experts recommend flu shots as the best way to avoid the virus.

Health officials have long urged constraint in using antivirals out of fear that, as with antibiotics, misuse could lead flu viruses to develop a resistance, rendering the drug ineffective when it was truly needed.

Tamiflu, which is known generically as oseltamivir, and Relenza, or zanamivir, came on the market 10 years agoand were hailed as being more effective at treating the flu and having fewer side effects than the older antivirals rimantadine and amantadine. They were also lauded as being much less prone to develop resistance.

Tamiflu and Relenza have been stockpiled by the federal government for treating the public in case of the emergence of a dangerous pandemic flu. Four times as many Tamiflu doses have been stockpiled as Relenza doses.

Some microbiologists have argued that Tamiflu is more likely to develop resistance than Relenza. Therefore, they say, Relenza should make up at least 50 percent of the stockpiled antivirals.

"There have been people, and I'm one of them, that have suggested that there be more of an equal stockpiling of oseltamivir and zanamivir," said Dr. Anne Moscona, a pediatrician and professor of microbiology and immunology at New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center.

Tamiflu became the more popular drug because it can be taken orally in pill or liquid form, whereas Relenza must be inhaled and can't be used by young children or the elderly.

What mystifies infectious disease experts and microbiologists is the Tamiflu-resistant strain now circulating appears to be a mutation that spread naturally, not as a response to antiviral use.

"We don't think it's due to overuse," said Dr. Anthony Fiore, a CDC epidemiologist. "There's not as large amount of use of oseltamivir as there might be with antibiotics."

Influenza viruses are ribonucleic acid-based, which are error-prone when replicating. This means they change rapidly, Fiore said. If a change occurs that confers an advantage of some sort, then it's likely to be passed on.

Viruses also swap genes among themselves, and one fear is the resistance mutation will be passed on to other flu viruses, including the deadly H5N1 bird flu circulating in Asia.

For now, H5N1 responds to Tamiflu, although it must be administered early. The virus is more than 60 percent fatal in humans.

http://www.newsday.com/news/health/ny-hsflu07-nws,0,1383161.story

 

[HenryN]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

Flu grips Jersey; kids to get free shots at 2 sites


Saturday, February 07, 2009 By AMY SARA CLARK
JOURNAL STAFF WRITER

In what has been a relatively light flu season, the disease is gaining traction in New Jersey, which has become only the second state in the nation - after Virginia - to report "widespread cases."
From Jan. 18-24, New Jersey reported the illness was "widespread," meaning there were outbreaks in at least 10 institutions or counties, according to the state Department of Health and Senior Services.
There were fewer outbreaks for Jan. 25-31, and Hudson County - luckily - has fewer outbreaks than the statewide average, according to NJDHSS.
But still, area hospitals have been seeing an increase in cases.
"Over the past month, we have been seeing an upswing in patients," said Mansoor Khan, M.D., assistant chairman of the Department of Emergency Medicine at Christ Hospital. "It's been up by 40 percent from last year."
New Jersey now requires flu vaccinations for all children under the age of 5 attending public daycare centers and preschools. To help parents meet the requirements, the NJDHSS has organized free vaccination clinics next week.
How do you know if you have the flu as opposed to a cold?
"It feels a lot worse," said Khan. "When we have a cold let's say (the discomfort level) is about a four. I would say a flu is more like an 11."
While both a cold and the flu can result in coughing, a sore throat and a runny nose, influenza also includes a high fever, headache and severe body aches, Kahn said.
What's the best way to avoid seven to 10 days of misery this winter?
"The most important thing you should do is get the flu vaccine, and after that, there's always good hand hygiene," said Mary Plaskon, a nurse and infection control practitioner at Jersey City Medical Center.
If you get the flu, you can get an anti-viral drug, such as Tamiflu, from your doctor, which will reduce symptoms if you take it within the first 48 to 72 hours, Kahn said.

http://www.nj.com/news/jjournal/index.ssf?/base/news-3/1233991554229110.xml&coll=3

 

[HenryN]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

Flu grips Jersey; kids to get free shots at 2 sites


Saturday, February 07, 2009 By AMY SARA CLARK
JOURNAL STAFF WRITER

If you get the flu, you can get an anti-viral drug, such as Tamiflu, from your doctor, which will reduce symptoms if you take it within the first 48 to 72 hours, Kahn said.

http://www.nj.com/news/jjournal/index.ssf?/base/news-3/1233991554229110.xml&coll=3

Most of the flu in NJ is Tamiflu resistant H1N1.

 

[HenryN]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

Most of the flu in NJ is Tamiflu resistant H1N1.

Laboratory Surveillance​

As of week 3, eighty samples were found to be positive by viral culture for influenza AH1, AH3
and influenza B. Rapid and culture results by county are displayed below.​

Week 40 to Week 3 Week 1, 2, 3
County​

​

​

A RapBid * A/ Culture* Rapid* Culture*​

B
A
H1
A
H3
A
UNK
B A B A/B A H1 A
H3
A
UNK
B​

Atlantic County​

​

​

7 0 0 7 0 0 0 7 0 0 7 0 0 0​

Bergen County​

​

​

8 1 0 2 0 0 0 5 1 0 1 0 0 0​

Burlington County​

​

​

13 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0​

Camden County​

​

​

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0​

Cape May County​

​

​

7 0 0 4 0 0 0 7 0 0 4 0 0 0​

Cumberland County​

​

​

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0​

Essex County​

​

​

62 19 10 1 1 0 1 44 11 6 0 0 0 1​

Gloucester County​

​

​

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0​

Hudson County​

​

​

12 2 0 4 1 0 0 6 0 0 3 1 0 0​

Hunterdon County​

​

​

4 0 11 9 1 0 1 4 0 3 4 1 0 0​

Mercer County​

​

​

1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0​

Middlesex County​

​

​

9 0 0 3 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 0​

Monmouth County​

​

​

10 0 14 6 1 0 1 2 0 11 5 0 0 0​

Morris County​

​

​

0 0 0 5 1 0 2 0 0 0 2 1 0 2​

Ocean County​

​

​

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0​

Passaic County​

​

​

18 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0​

Salem County​

​

​

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1​

Somerset County​

​

​

0 0 4 6 1 0 0 0 0 4 6 1 0 0​

Sussex County​

​

​

11 4 0 1 0 0 0 8 2 0 1 0 0 0​

Union County​

​

​

1 1 0 12 1 0 2 0 0 0 9 1 0 1​

Warren County​

​

​

2 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0​

Unknown​

​

​

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0​

State Total​

​

​

165 28 39 63 9 0 8 101 14 24 45 7 0 5
*Rapid data is acquired from facilities reporting rapid influenza tests via NREVSS or CDRSS ILI module. Culture
results are obtained from the LIMS system at PHEL, hospital viral culture laboratories via NREVSS or commercial
laboratories reporting in CDRSS. County of residence as provided by the laboratory is used to assign culture results
to a county. If county is residence is not available, the county of the facility reporting is utilized.​

3

http://www.state.nj.us/health/flu/documents/stats08/flummwr_04.pdf

 

[HenryN]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

Flu grips Jersey; kids to get free shots at 2 sites


Saturday, February 07, 2009 By AMY SARA CLARK

If you get the flu, you can get an anti-viral drug, such as Tamiflu, from your doctor, which will reduce symptoms if you take it within the first 48 to 72 hours, Kahn said.

http://www.nj.com/news/jjournal/index.ssf?/base/news-3/1233991554229110.xml&coll=3

The latest figures from the NJ department of health show that 87.3% (247/283) of influenza in NJ is influenza A and 87.5% (63/72) of influenza A is H1N1, and virtually all H1N1 has H274Y, so approximately 75% of influenza in NJ is Tamiflu resistant, yet the medical advice is to take Tamiflu to reduce symptoms (Roche USA is based in Nutley, NJ).

Hoffmann-La Roche Inc
<CITE>www.rocheusa.com</CITE>

340 Kingsland St
Nutley, NJ 07110
(973) 235-5000
Get directions

 

[gsgs]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

graphic of the mutations in NA of Brisbane/59-like viruses.
This is the strain with significant amount of Tamiflu-resistance,
other strains have little resistance and are ignored here

each row is one NA, each column is one position in NA where mutations occurred

this could well have been(50%) just only one anchestor-virus host with the resistance mutation,
which then spread worldwide

 

[HenryN]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

graphic of the mutations in NA of Brisbane/59-like viruses.
This is the strain with significant amount of Tamiflu-resistance,
other strains have little resistance and are ignored here

each row is one NA, each column is one position in NA where mutations occurred

this could well have been(50%) just only one anchestor-virus host with the resistance mutation,
which then spread worldwide

Nonsense. Phylogenetic analysis clearly shows multiple introductions.

 

[HenryN]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

graphic of the mutations in NA of Brisbane/59-like viruses.
This is the strain with significant amount of Tamiflu-resistance,
other strains have little resistance and are ignored here

each row is one NA, each column is one position in NA where mutations occurred

this could well have been(50%) just only one anchestor-virus host with the resistance mutation,
which then spread worldwide

Those who look at these viruses use phylogentic trees, which clearly show which viruses evolve froom which viruses. Those trees are easy to interpret (and generated with free public software) and clearly show that H274Y was appended onto multiple Brisbance subclades (which is an accepted fact by those who can read a tree).

You are posting giberish and handwaving, which serves little purpose.