tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
F1000Res
. 2025 Sep 19:14:133.
doi: 10.12688/f1000research.160980.3. eCollection 2025.
Mortality involving and not involving COVID-19 among vaccinated vs. unvaccinated in England between Apr 21 and May 23
Jarle Aarstad[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Background: Comparing non-randomized groups, such as COVID-19 vaccinated and unvaccinated, even in the presence of seemingly relevant control variables, is challenging, but in this study, using English data, I show an achievable approach.
Methods: First, I estimated age-standardized all-cause mortality among vaccinated and unvaccinated ten years and older, covering 26 months from Apr 21 to May 23. Then, I estimated mortality not involving COVID-19, and finally, I contrasted the calculations.
Results: First, I found that all-cause mortality among unvaccinated was higher than among vaccinated. But, as the pattern was similar concerning mortality not involving COVID-19, the discrepancy may be attributed mainly to unvaccinated having inferior health at the outset. There were nonetheless indications of significant protection for vaccinated between July 21 and Jan 22. In the absence of control variables as a means to compare non-randomized groups, I reached that conclusion by contrasting all-cause mortality with mortality not involving COVID-19. However, while mortality not involving COVID-19 decreased among unvaccinated compared to the first observation month, it remained high among vaccinated, indicating a relative increase.
Conclusions: An interpretation is that vaccination, despite a potential temporary protection, may have increased mortality. Strengthening the interpretation was relatively high mortality among vaccinated not involving COVID-19 counterintuitively following periods of excess mortality. Further strengthening the interpretation was the relatively high mortality not involving COVID-19 among vaccinated, corresponding with excess mortality during much of the same period. Future research should include data over a longer period than those available for this study. Also, future research should examine different age groups, vaccination types, and the number of doses given.
Keywords: COVID-19 vaccination; all-cause mortality; mortality involving COVID-19; mortality not involving COVID-19; excess mortality..
. 2025 Sep 19:14:133.
doi: 10.12688/f1000research.160980.3. eCollection 2025.
Mortality involving and not involving COVID-19 among vaccinated vs. unvaccinated in England between Apr 21 and May 23
Jarle Aarstad[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 41919090
- PMCID: PMC13033977
- DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.160980.3
Background: Comparing non-randomized groups, such as COVID-19 vaccinated and unvaccinated, even in the presence of seemingly relevant control variables, is challenging, but in this study, using English data, I show an achievable approach.
Methods: First, I estimated age-standardized all-cause mortality among vaccinated and unvaccinated ten years and older, covering 26 months from Apr 21 to May 23. Then, I estimated mortality not involving COVID-19, and finally, I contrasted the calculations.
Results: First, I found that all-cause mortality among unvaccinated was higher than among vaccinated. But, as the pattern was similar concerning mortality not involving COVID-19, the discrepancy may be attributed mainly to unvaccinated having inferior health at the outset. There were nonetheless indications of significant protection for vaccinated between July 21 and Jan 22. In the absence of control variables as a means to compare non-randomized groups, I reached that conclusion by contrasting all-cause mortality with mortality not involving COVID-19. However, while mortality not involving COVID-19 decreased among unvaccinated compared to the first observation month, it remained high among vaccinated, indicating a relative increase.
Conclusions: An interpretation is that vaccination, despite a potential temporary protection, may have increased mortality. Strengthening the interpretation was relatively high mortality among vaccinated not involving COVID-19 counterintuitively following periods of excess mortality. Further strengthening the interpretation was the relatively high mortality not involving COVID-19 among vaccinated, corresponding with excess mortality during much of the same period. Future research should include data over a longer period than those available for this study. Also, future research should examine different age groups, vaccination types, and the number of doses given.
Keywords: COVID-19 vaccination; all-cause mortality; mortality involving COVID-19; mortality not involving COVID-19; excess mortality..