tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
JVI Accepts, published online ahead of print on 18 May 2011
J. Virol. doi:10.1128/JVI.00438-11
Copyright ? 2011,American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed
Authors/Institutions. All Rights Reserved.
Extensive Geographical Mixing of Human H1N1/09 Influenza A Virus in a Single University Community
Edward C. Holmes1,2, Elodie Ghedin3,4, Rebecca A. Halpin3, Timothy B. Stockwell3, Xing-Quan Zhang6, Regina Fleming7, Richard Davey8, Constance A. Benson6, Sanjay Mehta6, Randy Taplitz6, Yu-Tseung Liu6, Kimberly C. Brouwer9, David E. Wentworth5, Xudong Lin5, INSIGHT FLU002 Study Group, and Robert T. Schooley6
1 Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
2 Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
3 J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
4 Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
5 Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
6 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0711, USA
7 Student Health Service, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
8 Clinical Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 21205 USA
9 Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
Correspondence to: Dr. Edward C. Holmes, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA., Tel: 1 814 863 4689; Fax: 1 814 865 9131; E-mail: ech15{at}psu.edu
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ABSTRACT
Despite growing interest in the molecular epidemiology of influenza virus, the pattern of viral spread within individual communities remains poorly understood. To determine the phylogeography of influenza virus in a single population we examined the spatial diffusion of H1N1/09 influenza A virus within the student body of the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), sampling for a one month period between October-November 2009. Despite the highly focused nature of our study, an analysis of complete viral genome sequences revealed between 24 and 33 independent introductions of H1N1/09 into the UCSD community, and comprising much of the global genetic diversity in this virus. These data were also characterized by a relatively low level of on-campus transmission, as well as extensive spatial mixing, such that there was little geographical clustering by either student residence or city zip code. Most notably, students experiencing illness on the same day and residing in the same dorm possessed phylogenetically distinct lineages. H1N1/09 influenza A virus is therefore characterized by a remarkable spatial fluidity, and which is likely to impede community-based methods for its control, including class cancellations, quarantine, and chemoprophylaxis.
http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/short/JVI.00438-11v1
J. Virol. doi:10.1128/JVI.00438-11
Copyright ? 2011,American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed
Authors/Institutions. All Rights Reserved.
Extensive Geographical Mixing of Human H1N1/09 Influenza A Virus in a Single University Community
Edward C. Holmes1,2, Elodie Ghedin3,4, Rebecca A. Halpin3, Timothy B. Stockwell3, Xing-Quan Zhang6, Regina Fleming7, Richard Davey8, Constance A. Benson6, Sanjay Mehta6, Randy Taplitz6, Yu-Tseung Liu6, Kimberly C. Brouwer9, David E. Wentworth5, Xudong Lin5, INSIGHT FLU002 Study Group, and Robert T. Schooley6
1 Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
2 Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
3 J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
4 Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
5 Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
6 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0711, USA
7 Student Health Service, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
8 Clinical Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 21205 USA
9 Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
Correspondence to: Dr. Edward C. Holmes, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA., Tel: 1 814 863 4689; Fax: 1 814 865 9131; E-mail: ech15{at}psu.edu
arrow
ABSTRACT
Despite growing interest in the molecular epidemiology of influenza virus, the pattern of viral spread within individual communities remains poorly understood. To determine the phylogeography of influenza virus in a single population we examined the spatial diffusion of H1N1/09 influenza A virus within the student body of the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), sampling for a one month period between October-November 2009. Despite the highly focused nature of our study, an analysis of complete viral genome sequences revealed between 24 and 33 independent introductions of H1N1/09 into the UCSD community, and comprising much of the global genetic diversity in this virus. These data were also characterized by a relatively low level of on-campus transmission, as well as extensive spatial mixing, such that there was little geographical clustering by either student residence or city zip code. Most notably, students experiencing illness on the same day and residing in the same dorm possessed phylogenetically distinct lineages. H1N1/09 influenza A virus is therefore characterized by a remarkable spatial fluidity, and which is likely to impede community-based methods for its control, including class cancellations, quarantine, and chemoprophylaxis.
http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/short/JVI.00438-11v1