tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Environ Res
. 2020 Oct 1;110265.
doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110265. Online ahead of print.
SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in water and wastewater: A critical review about presence and concern
Hai Nguyen Tran[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Giang Truong Le[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Dong Thanh Nguyen[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Ruey-Shin Juang[SUP] 4 [/SUP], J?rg Rinklebe[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Amit Bhatnagar[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Eder C Lima[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Hafiz M N Iqbal[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Ajit K Sarmah[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Huan-Ping Chao[SUP] 10 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Abstract
The presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in water and wastewater has recently been reported. According to the updated literature, the stools and masks of the patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) were considered as the primary route of coronavirus transmission into water and wastewater. Most of coronavirus types which attract human (possible for SARS-CoV-2) are often inactivated rapidly in water (i.e., the survival of human coronavirus 229E in water being seven days at 23 ?C). However, the survival period of coronavirus in water and wastewater strongly depends on temperature, kinds of wastewater, concentration of suspended solids and organic matter, solution pH, and the dose of disinfectant used. The World Health Organization has claimed that the current disinfection process of drinking water could effectively inactivate most of the bacterial and viral communities present in water, especially SARS-CoV-2 (more sensitive to disinfectant like free chlorine). A recent study confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in inflow wastewater (but not detected in outflow one). Although the existence of SARS-CoV-2 in the water influent has been confirmed, an important question is whether it can survive or infect after the disinfection process of drinking water. To date, there is one study confirming that the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in water for people was null based on the absence of cytopathic effect (CPE) in infectivity tests. Therefore, further studies should focus on the survival of SARS-CoV-2 in water and wastewater under different operational conditions (i.e., temperature and water matrix) and whether the transmission from COVID-19-contaminated water to human is an emerging concern. Although paper-based devices have been suggested for detecting traces of SARS-CoV-2 in water, the protocols and appropriate devices should be developed soon. Wastewater and sewage workers should follow the procedures for safety precaution against SARS-CoV-2 exposure.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus; enveloped virus; sewage; wastewater.
. 2020 Oct 1;110265.
doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110265. Online ahead of print.
SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in water and wastewater: A critical review about presence and concern
Hai Nguyen Tran[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Giang Truong Le[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Dong Thanh Nguyen[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Ruey-Shin Juang[SUP] 4 [/SUP], J?rg Rinklebe[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Amit Bhatnagar[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Eder C Lima[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Hafiz M N Iqbal[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Ajit K Sarmah[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Huan-Ping Chao[SUP] 10 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 33011225
- PMCID: PMC7528884
- DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110265
Abstract
The presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in water and wastewater has recently been reported. According to the updated literature, the stools and masks of the patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) were considered as the primary route of coronavirus transmission into water and wastewater. Most of coronavirus types which attract human (possible for SARS-CoV-2) are often inactivated rapidly in water (i.e., the survival of human coronavirus 229E in water being seven days at 23 ?C). However, the survival period of coronavirus in water and wastewater strongly depends on temperature, kinds of wastewater, concentration of suspended solids and organic matter, solution pH, and the dose of disinfectant used. The World Health Organization has claimed that the current disinfection process of drinking water could effectively inactivate most of the bacterial and viral communities present in water, especially SARS-CoV-2 (more sensitive to disinfectant like free chlorine). A recent study confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in inflow wastewater (but not detected in outflow one). Although the existence of SARS-CoV-2 in the water influent has been confirmed, an important question is whether it can survive or infect after the disinfection process of drinking water. To date, there is one study confirming that the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in water for people was null based on the absence of cytopathic effect (CPE) in infectivity tests. Therefore, further studies should focus on the survival of SARS-CoV-2 in water and wastewater under different operational conditions (i.e., temperature and water matrix) and whether the transmission from COVID-19-contaminated water to human is an emerging concern. Although paper-based devices have been suggested for detecting traces of SARS-CoV-2 in water, the protocols and appropriate devices should be developed soon. Wastewater and sewage workers should follow the procedures for safety precaution against SARS-CoV-2 exposure.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus; enveloped virus; sewage; wastewater.