tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Emerg Microbes Infect
. 2026 Jun 5:2686469.
doi: 10.1080/22221751.2026.2686469. Online ahead of print.
Compartmentalized cytokine networks and systemic immune remodelling in bovine mammary H5N1 infection
Gagandeep Singh[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Konner Cool[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Shristi Ghimire[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Jessie D Trujillo[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Igor Morozov[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Natasha N Gaudrault[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Huibin Lv[SUP] 2 3 [/SUP], Kaijun Jiang[SUP] 4 5 [/SUP], Yonghai Li[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Bumduuren Tuvshintulga[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Chester D McDowell[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Adolfo Garcia-Sastre[SUP] 4 5 6 7 8 9 [/SUP], Nicholas C Wu[SUP] 2 3 10 11 [/SUP], Juergen A Richt[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 has recently expanded its mammalian host range; in 2024, genotype B3.13 emerged in U.S. dairy cattle with pronounced mammary tropism. In the past, Influenza A virus immunology has been characterized primarily in respiratory infection models, whereas this study delineates immune responses after intramammary infection. An intramammary H5N1 challenge in Jersey cows in the early dry-off period enabled integration of dose- and compartment-resolved (alveoli versus teat cistern) cytokine and chemokine profiles with peripheral leukocyte dynamics and H5/N1-specific antibody responses. Infection-induced quarter-restricted, monophasic inflammatory networks peaking at 3-7 days post-infection, coordinated peripheral myeloid expansion and IFN-γ-competent lymphocyte activation, and rising antibody titres across quarters.
Keywords: H5N1; Influenza A virus; bovine mammary gland; compartment-specific immunity; dairy cattle; humoral responses; intramammary infection; peripheral leukocyte dynamics.
. 2026 Jun 5:2686469.
doi: 10.1080/22221751.2026.2686469. Online ahead of print.
Compartmentalized cytokine networks and systemic immune remodelling in bovine mammary H5N1 infection
Gagandeep Singh[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Konner Cool[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Shristi Ghimire[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Jessie D Trujillo[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Igor Morozov[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Natasha N Gaudrault[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Huibin Lv[SUP] 2 3 [/SUP], Kaijun Jiang[SUP] 4 5 [/SUP], Yonghai Li[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Bumduuren Tuvshintulga[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Chester D McDowell[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Adolfo Garcia-Sastre[SUP] 4 5 6 7 8 9 [/SUP], Nicholas C Wu[SUP] 2 3 10 11 [/SUP], Juergen A Richt[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 42249592
- DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2026.2686469
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 has recently expanded its mammalian host range; in 2024, genotype B3.13 emerged in U.S. dairy cattle with pronounced mammary tropism. In the past, Influenza A virus immunology has been characterized primarily in respiratory infection models, whereas this study delineates immune responses after intramammary infection. An intramammary H5N1 challenge in Jersey cows in the early dry-off period enabled integration of dose- and compartment-resolved (alveoli versus teat cistern) cytokine and chemokine profiles with peripheral leukocyte dynamics and H5/N1-specific antibody responses. Infection-induced quarter-restricted, monophasic inflammatory networks peaking at 3-7 days post-infection, coordinated peripheral myeloid expansion and IFN-γ-competent lymphocyte activation, and rising antibody titres across quarters.
Keywords: H5N1; Influenza A virus; bovine mammary gland; compartment-specific immunity; dairy cattle; humoral responses; intramammary infection; peripheral leukocyte dynamics.