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Emerg Infect Dis . Differentiating Avian and Seasonal Influenza Viruses in Wastewater by Digital PCR

tetano

Editor, Senior Moderator
Emerg Infect Dis

. 2026 Nov;32(11):1879-1884.
doi: 10.3201/eid3211.261234.

Differentiating Avian and Seasonal Influenza Viruses in Wastewater by Digital PCR​


Valentina Paracchini, Mauro Petrillo, Francisco Mayo Leon, Gerhard Buttinger, Sabrina Marciano, Marika Crimaudo, Calogero Terregino, Carolina Veneri, Giuseppina La Rosa, Elisabetta Suffredini, Clementina Cocuzza, Bernd M Gawlik, Tobias Wiesenthal, Ursula Vincent, Valentina Panzarin, Antonio Marchini




Abstract​


Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5Nx) viruses, particularly clade 2.3.4.4b, pose substantial global health risks. We combined and piloted 2 duplex reverse transcription digital PCRs to discriminate between avian and seasonal influenza viruses in wastewater. This approach enabled rapid, strain-specific detection to reduce ambiguity in environmental surveillance for influenza viruses.

Keywords: Avian influenza; HPAI A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b; Italy; digital RT-PCR; influenza; influenza A virus; influenza virus monitoring; public health; respiratory infections; seasonal influenza; viruses; wastewater surveillance.
 
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