Breast Cancer

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WebMd
Good general about the different types of breast cancer
http://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/default.htm

Invasive Lobular Cancer
Describes all types, clinical features, diagnosis
http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/diagnosis?pii=S1559-8675(06)70296-0

Ductal Carcinoma With Lobular Features Differs From Invasive Ductal Carcinoma: Presented at ASCP
This study consists of 131 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma, 26 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma with lobular features, and 15 cases of invasive lobular carcinoma.
http://www.pslgroup.com/dg/22efae.htm

Infiltrating Lobular Carcinoma of the Breast: Grading / Staging / Report
Shows scoring methods for Tubule formation, Nuclear pleomorphism (most anaplastic area) and Mitotic figure count per 10 40x fields.
http://surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu/breast/inflobcabr/grading.html

 

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Re: Breast Cancer

Vitamin D and Breast Cancer

Prospective change in 25-OH vitamin D levels over long-term follow-up and health outcomes in breast cancer survivors.
Background: 25 OH vitamin D (VitD) deficiency, common at breast cancer (BC) diagnosis, is associated with poor BC outcomes. Change in VitD after diagnosis of BC and associations with other health outcomes are unknown.
Results: Reflecting known prognostic effects, LTFU survivors had less aggressive tumors (lower T,N, and grade), lower BMI, and higher baseline VitD than the full cohort. Mean ages at diagnosis and LTFU of the 231 patients were 49.8 ? 8.9 and 62.2 ? 8.5 years respectively. VitD (proportion with adequate levels) increased from 61.3 ? 23.6 (27%) at baseline to 93.8 ? 32.3 at LTFU (71%) (p < 0.0001). Vitamin supplement use also increased. VitD increased more in those reporting (vs. not reporting) osteoporosis at LTFU (46.9 ? 45.2 vs. 28.9 ? 29.0, p = 0.001).
http://www.asco.org/ASCOv2/Meetings/Abstracts?&vmview=abst_detail_view&confID=74&abstractID=40475

Frequency of vitamin D (Vit D) deficiency at breast cancer (BC) diagnosis and association with risk of distant recurrence and death in a prospective cohort study of T1-3, N0-1, M0 BC.
Background: Vit D acts through a nuclear transcription factor to regulate many aspects of cellular growth and differentiation. Low levels have been associated with increased BC risk. We examined Vit D levels and prognostic effects in an existing BC cohort.
Methods: 512 consecutive women with newly diagnosed BC were enrolled at 3 U of Toronto hospitals between 1989 and 1995. A blood specimen obtained at diagnosis was stored at -80?C. The Block questionnaire was used to measure diet intake. Clinical and pathology data were obtained from medical and pathology records. 25-OH Vit D was measured by radioimmunoassay. Women were followed prospectively to 2006.
Results: Mean age was 50.4?9.7 yrs. 288 women had T1 tumors, 164 T2 and 24 T3/4. 356 tumors were N0. 342 were estrogen receptor (ER) positive. 73 tumors were grade 1, 202 grade 2 and 173 grade 3. 199 women received adjuvant chemotherapy (CXT) and 200 received tamoxifen. 116 women (22.7%) had distant recurrences and 106 (20.7%) died during a median follow-up of 11.6 yrs. Mean 25-OH Vit D was 58.1?23.4 nmol/L. Vit D levels were deficient (<50>72 nmol/L) in 123 (24.0%). Low Vit D levels were associated with premenopausal status, high body mass index (BMI), high insulin and high tumor grade (all p<0.03). Low Vit D levels were associated with low dietary intake of retinol, Vitamin E, grains and alcohol (all p<0>1.55 Q1 vs Q4, all p < 0.04); they were not significantly modified by ER, adjuvant CXT or tamoxifen. Vit D associations with OS were attenuated by grade and were absent in ER negative BC.
Conclusions: Vit D deficiency is common at BC diagnosis and is associated with poor prognosis. This research was funded by the Breast Cancer Research Foundation.
http://www.asco.org/ASCOv2/Meetings/Abstracts?&vmview=abst_detail_view&confID=55&abstractID=31397

 

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Re: Breast Cancer

Inflammation and Breast Cancer

Proinflammatory Cytokines in Breast Cancer: Mechanisms of Action and Potential Targets for Therapeutics.
Inflammation within the tumor microenvironment correlates with increased invasiveness and poor prognosis in many types of cancer, including breast cancer. The cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) are critical mediators of the inflammatory response. Understanding both the mechanisms by which inflammatory mediators promote breast cancer and the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory drugs in treating breast cancer will lead to novel therapeutic regimens to treat this devastating disease.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20545607

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use and breast cancer risk in the Western New York Exposures and Breast Cancer (WEB) Study.
RESULTS: Recent aspirin use was inversely associated with breast cancer risk; the strongest reduction in risk was observed among those who took >/=2 pills/day on days that aspirin was taken. Adult lifetime use was also associated with breast cancer risk (>10 days/). Use of ibuprofen or acetaminophen was not associated with breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to investigate the association of adult lifetime aspirin intake with breast cancer risk. Our findings provide evidence that aspirin use throughout a woman's life may confer some benefit.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20499154

Interfering with inflammation: a new strategy to block breast cancer self-renewal and progression?
Two recent studies show that epigenetics and inflammation play a relevant role in the regulation of transformation and cancer cell self-renewal in breast tumours, opening up the possibility that cancer progression can be controlled by interfering with inflammation cascades. Struhl's group showed that transient activation of the Src oncoprotein induces transformation and self-renewal of immortal cells via an epigenetic switch involving NF-kappaB, Lin28, Let-7 microRNA and IL-6. Concomitantly, Wicha's laboratory developed a strategy to selectively target cancer stem cells, retarding tumour growth and reducing metastasis by blocking the IL-8 receptor CXCR1 using either an inhibitor, repertaxin or a specific blocking antibody.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20459595

The application of probiotic fermented milks in cancer and intestinal inflammation
Lactic acid bacteria are present in many foods such as yoghurt and are frequently used as probiotics to improve some biological functions of the host. The preventive effect of probiotics on intestinal carcinogenesis may be associated with changes in the intestinal microbiota, suppressing the growth of bacteria that convert procarcinogens into carcinogens. We demonstrated, using a murine colon cancer model, that yoghurt consumption inhibited tumour growth by decreasing the inflammatory response by increasing IL-10-secreting cells, cellular apoptosis and diminishing procarcinogenic enzymes. Milk fermented with Lactobacillus helveticus R389 delayed breast tumour growth by decreasing IL-6 and increasing IL-10 in serum and in the mammary glands and tumour-infiltrating immune cells. It was demonstrated, by using murine models, that the consumption of fermented milks can modulate the immune system and can maintain it in a state of surveillance, which could affront different pathologies such as cancer and intestinal inflammation.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20550747

Dr. Weil's Anti-inflammatory Diet:
This link shows a graphic of his food pryamid and discussion follows. Here's an example of how he addresses each catagory:
TEA
How much: 2-4 cups per day
Healthy choices: White, green, oolong teas
Why: Tea is rich in catechins, antioxidant compounds that reduce inflammation. Purchase high-quality tea and learn how to correctly brew it for maximum taste and health benefits.
http://www.drweil.com/drw/ecs/pyramid/press-foodpyramid.html

Spices and Herbs: Their Health Benefits
Certain herbs and spices curb inflammation in the body, which may give rise to heart disease and cancer. For example, antioxidants in cinnamon have been linked to lower inflammation, as well as reductions in blood glucose concentrations in people with diabetes. This article gives good suggestions on how to incorporate them easily into your daily diet
http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/features/spices-and-herbs-health-benefits

 

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Re: Breast Cancer

Markers Associated with Breast Cancer

Looking into a way to predict breast cancer risk
Researchers found that the worst offenders were DCIS detected by palpation - that is, obvious to the touch - or those that carried three particular chemical marks on their surface. DCIS found by mammogram, or missing those marks, was far less likely to cause trouble.

The three chemical marks found on the surface of high-risk masses are proteins called p16, Ki67 and COX-2. All three are associated with a biochemical pathway that leads to cancer, and the presence of any one indicates that cells are growing too much. But it was only the trifecta that strongly presaged invasive cancer in the UCSF study.
http://www.latimes.com/news/health/la-he-in-the-works-20100510,0,1193405.story

ER alpha genotypes and breast cancer recurrence
Background: Pharmacogenomic studies have documented the importance of CYP2D6 in the metabolism of tamoxifen (TAM) and the resulting clinical outcomes. However, there is no data relating polymorphisms within the estrogen receptor to disease recurrence in patients receiving adjuvant TAM.
Conclusions: Our data suggests that ER alpha PP genotype is associated with a higher risk of disease recurrence compared with Pp and pp genotypes and in a subpopulation of patients converted to an aromatase inhibitor, a shorter time to recurrence. Further investigation with a larger sample size is needed to confirm the impact of ER alpha polymorphisms on survival.
http://www.asco.org/ASCOv2/Meetings/Abstracts?&vmview=abst_detail_view&confID=55&abstractID=31983

S100A8 and S100A9 Overexpression Is Associated with Poor Pathological Parameters in Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast
In this study, we examined the relationship between the expression of each protein and the pathological parameters that reflect the aggressiveness of carcinoma, in invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast. S100A8 and S100A9 overexpression should be considered marker of poor prognosis in IDC.
http://www.bentham.org/ccdt/openaccessplus.htm#3

 

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Re: Breast Cancer

Angiogenesis and Breast Cancer

How is Angiogenesis Important for Health?
Angiogenesis, the growth of new capillary blood vessels in the body, is an important natural process in the body used for healing and reproduction. The body controls angiogenesis by producing a precise balance of growth and inhibitory factors in healthy tissues.

When this balance is disturbed, the result is either too much or too little angiogenesis. Abnormal blood vessel growth, either excessive or insufficient, is now recognized as a “common denominator” underlying many deadly and debilitating conditions, including cancer, skin diseases, age-related blindness, diabetic ulcers, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and many others.

All cancerous tumors, for example, release angiogenic growth factor proteins that stimulate blood vessels to grow into the tumor, providing it with oxygen and nutrients. Antiangiogenic therapies literally starve the tumor of its blood supply by interfering with this process.
http://www.angio.org/ua.php

Tumoral angiogenesis and breast cancer.
Tumoral angiogenesis (TA) is essential for the growth and spread of breast cancer (BC) cells. There are at least 6 different angiogenic growth factors associated with TA in BC. The major mediator of TA is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a homodimeric heparin-binding glycoprotein. VEGF signals through VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), the major VEGF signalling receptor that mediates sprouting angiogenesis. (study also gives some of the newer treatments)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19293050

A List of Anti-angiogenic Foods
http://www.elegantsimplelife.com/2010/05/list-of-anti-angiogenic-foods/

Studies on Anti-angiogenic Foods
curcumin: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214562
mushroom cinnamomea: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19501273
eastern oyster: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19476359
pomegranate: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14739618
citrus flavonoids: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9781306
citrus update: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18593176
Brazilian ginseng: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19427770

rhubarb
conclusions: The angiogenic properties of rhubarb root may partly account for its use in inflammatory diseases. The anthraquinones with acidic or polar, hydrophilic substitution at C-6 or C-3 positions played a substantial role in inhibiting angiogenesis. The value of the zebrafish angiogenic model is further supported.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19061946

 

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Re: Breast Cancer

Breast Cancer (and other types) Research Journals

Cancer Drug Targets http://www.bentham.org/ccdt/index.htm
National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics
Oxford/Carcinogenisis http://carcin.oxfordjournals.org/content/vol31/issue1/
BC Research/Treatment http://www.springerlink.com/content/0167-6806
ASCO 2010 abstracts http://abstract.asco.org/ConfCatView_74.html
Cancer http://journals.lww.com/journalppo/pages/default.aspx
American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/
Cancer Research http://www.cancerjournal.net/
British Journal of Cancer http://www.nature.com/bjc/index.html
Regina Elena Institute http://www.jeccr.com/