tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
BMC Infect Dis
. 2025 Oct 21;25(1):1366.
doi: 10.1186/s12879-025-11761-1. Persistent pain and brain fog after COVID-19 infection in European adults aged 50 and over: a population-based longitudinal study
Xiaona He[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Wei Gao[SUP] 3 4 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Background: Psychological distress has been identified as a risk factor for long COVID in individuals infected with COVID-19. Little is known about the differences in long COVID symptom profiles between older adults with pre-existing depression and those without.
Methods: A population-based longitudinal prospective study was performed using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) with participants aged 50 years and older. Depression was assessed by the EURO-D scale at the baseline. Long COVID symptoms were self-reported by participants during the 12-month follow-up. A hurdle negative binomial model was employed to assess the impact of pre-existing depression on the burden of long COVID. We compared the differences in symptoms between participants with pre-existing depression and those without with the Chi-squared test.
Results: Participants with pre-existing depression had an approximately 16% increased risk of experiencing additional persistent symptoms after COVID-19 infection. During the 12-month follow-up following COVID-19 infection, the prevalence of headaches (32.2% vs. 25.9%; P = 0.027), body aches or joint pain (38.5% vs. 29.4%; P < 0.001), and confusion (10.6% vs. 7.6%; P < 0.01) were significantly higher among participants with pre-existing depression than among those without.
Conclusion: Older adults with pre-existing depression had a higher burden of long COVID following COVID-19 infection and they were more likely to suffer from persistent physical pain and confusion compared to those without a history of depression.
Keywords: Brain fog; Depression; Older adults; Post-COVID-19 condition.
. 2025 Oct 21;25(1):1366.
doi: 10.1186/s12879-025-11761-1. Persistent pain and brain fog after COVID-19 infection in European adults aged 50 and over: a population-based longitudinal study
Xiaona He[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Wei Gao[SUP] 3 4 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 41120952
- PMCID: PMC12538725
- DOI: 10.1186/s12879-025-11761-1
Background: Psychological distress has been identified as a risk factor for long COVID in individuals infected with COVID-19. Little is known about the differences in long COVID symptom profiles between older adults with pre-existing depression and those without.
Methods: A population-based longitudinal prospective study was performed using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) with participants aged 50 years and older. Depression was assessed by the EURO-D scale at the baseline. Long COVID symptoms were self-reported by participants during the 12-month follow-up. A hurdle negative binomial model was employed to assess the impact of pre-existing depression on the burden of long COVID. We compared the differences in symptoms between participants with pre-existing depression and those without with the Chi-squared test.
Results: Participants with pre-existing depression had an approximately 16% increased risk of experiencing additional persistent symptoms after COVID-19 infection. During the 12-month follow-up following COVID-19 infection, the prevalence of headaches (32.2% vs. 25.9%; P = 0.027), body aches or joint pain (38.5% vs. 29.4%; P < 0.001), and confusion (10.6% vs. 7.6%; P < 0.01) were significantly higher among participants with pre-existing depression than among those without.
Conclusion: Older adults with pre-existing depression had a higher burden of long COVID following COVID-19 infection and they were more likely to suffer from persistent physical pain and confusion compared to those without a history of depression.
Keywords: Brain fog; Depression; Older adults; Post-COVID-19 condition.