tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
BMC Infect Dis
. 2026 Jan 29.
doi: 10.1186/s12879-026-12601-6. Online ahead of print.
Effects of antiphospholipid antibodies in the severity and outcome of COVID-19
Batool Zamani[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Maedeh Najafizadeh[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Atiye Jokar[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Habibollah Rahimi[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Hossein Motedayyen[SUP] 4 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Objective: A high prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) has been reported in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although some studies have demonstrated roles for aPL in thrombotic events in COVID-19, findings on their association with disease development and outcomes remain heterogeneous. Therefore, this study investigated whether aPL may serve as effective markers for determining the development and outcome of COVID-19.
Methods: Serum samples were isolated from whole blood of 95 individuals with moderate and severe COVID-19. The prevalence of lupus anticoagulant (LA), IgM/IgG antiphospholipid (aPL), IgM/IgG anti-β2-glycoprotein I (aβ2GPI), and IgM/IgG anticardiolipin (aCL) antibodies was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A mixing test was performed in patients with unexplained prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) to distinguish coagulation factor deficiencies from factor inhibitors. The percentage of selected immune cells and values of biochemical markers were also assessed.
Results: Patients with severe COVID-19 showed significant increases in IgG aβ2GPI and IgG aPL antibody levels compared with individuals with moderate COVID-19 (P < 0.05). The mixing test showed that LA had an increased prevalence in severe patients with unexplained prolongation of aPTT and prothrombin time (PT) (P < 0.01-0.05). No significant differences were observed in IgM/IgG aCL, IgM aPL, or IgM aβ2GPI antibody levels between severe and moderate cases. Additional findings revealed that severe COVID-19 patients who required intensive care unit (ICU) treatment had significant increases in IgM/IgG aPL, IgM/IgG aCL, and IgM/IgG aβ2GPI antibodies (P < 0.01-0.05). However, there was no significant change in the prevalence of LA or IgM aβ2GPI antibodies between severe patients who required ICU therapy and those who did not. IgM aCL and IgG aPL values were significantly higher in non-survivors compared with survivors (P < 0.001-0.05). A similar trend was observed for IgG aCL and IgM aPL levels in non-survivors, although these increases were not statistically significant.
Conclusion: Changes in aPL levels may be considered effective markers for clarifying the severity and outcome of COVID-19.
Clinical trial: Not applicable.
Keywords: Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL); COVID-19; Disease outcome; Disease severity; Thrombotic events.
. 2026 Jan 29.
doi: 10.1186/s12879-026-12601-6. Online ahead of print.
Effects of antiphospholipid antibodies in the severity and outcome of COVID-19
Batool Zamani[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Maedeh Najafizadeh[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Atiye Jokar[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Habibollah Rahimi[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Hossein Motedayyen[SUP] 4 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 41612230
- DOI: 10.1186/s12879-026-12601-6
Objective: A high prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) has been reported in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although some studies have demonstrated roles for aPL in thrombotic events in COVID-19, findings on their association with disease development and outcomes remain heterogeneous. Therefore, this study investigated whether aPL may serve as effective markers for determining the development and outcome of COVID-19.
Methods: Serum samples were isolated from whole blood of 95 individuals with moderate and severe COVID-19. The prevalence of lupus anticoagulant (LA), IgM/IgG antiphospholipid (aPL), IgM/IgG anti-β2-glycoprotein I (aβ2GPI), and IgM/IgG anticardiolipin (aCL) antibodies was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A mixing test was performed in patients with unexplained prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) to distinguish coagulation factor deficiencies from factor inhibitors. The percentage of selected immune cells and values of biochemical markers were also assessed.
Results: Patients with severe COVID-19 showed significant increases in IgG aβ2GPI and IgG aPL antibody levels compared with individuals with moderate COVID-19 (P < 0.05). The mixing test showed that LA had an increased prevalence in severe patients with unexplained prolongation of aPTT and prothrombin time (PT) (P < 0.01-0.05). No significant differences were observed in IgM/IgG aCL, IgM aPL, or IgM aβ2GPI antibody levels between severe and moderate cases. Additional findings revealed that severe COVID-19 patients who required intensive care unit (ICU) treatment had significant increases in IgM/IgG aPL, IgM/IgG aCL, and IgM/IgG aβ2GPI antibodies (P < 0.01-0.05). However, there was no significant change in the prevalence of LA or IgM aβ2GPI antibodies between severe patients who required ICU therapy and those who did not. IgM aCL and IgG aPL values were significantly higher in non-survivors compared with survivors (P < 0.001-0.05). A similar trend was observed for IgG aCL and IgM aPL levels in non-survivors, although these increases were not statistically significant.
Conclusion: Changes in aPL levels may be considered effective markers for clarifying the severity and outcome of COVID-19.
Clinical trial: Not applicable.
Keywords: Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL); COVID-19; Disease outcome; Disease severity; Thrombotic events.