tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Biol Res
. 2025 Jun 10;58(1):38.
doi: 10.1186/s40659-025-00620-7. Immunoinflammatory evidence of rheumatoid arthritis caused by COVID-19
Zhiqiang Shao[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Dan Xia[SUP] #[/SUP][SUP] 2 [/SUP], Liang Zhou[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Zonghan Xu[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Jiaqian Wang[SUP] 5 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Purpose: The relationship between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains uncertain. We aimed to assess the association between COVID-19 and RA through immune inflammation.
Methods: First, we conducted a meta-analysis on the risk of COVID-19 infection, hospitalization rate, and mortality rate for patients with RA. Then, Mendelian randomization (MR) was used to evaluate the causal relationship between COVID-19 and RA, and further analyzed the cytokines and immune cells in COVID-19 and RA. Finally, we obtained microarray datasets of COVID-19, RA patients, and normal controls from the GEO database. And performed functional, pathway enrichment, and immune cell infiltration analysis on differentially expressed genes between each group.
Results: The meta-analysis results suggested that the hospitalization rate and mortality rate of RA patients infected with COVID-19 were higher than those of the control population. MR analysis showed a positive correlation between COVID-19 infection and RA. We also found that interleukin 13 was associated with RA and COVID-19 infection. CD27 on IgD + CD24 + B cells and CD3 on CD39 + CD8 + T cells are common immune cell phenotypes in two diseases. In addition, COVID-19 function is enriched in immune responses mediated by leukocytes and neutrophils, while RA is significantly enriched in the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes. The results of immune cell infiltration showed that both diseases had more neutrophils and fewer CD8 T cells.
Conclusion: There are many similarities between COVID-19 and RA in immune inflammatory responses such as cytokines and immune cells. COVID-19 may lead to the development of RA through immune inflammation.
Keywords: COVID-19; Immune cells; Mendelian randomization; Meta-analysis; Rheumatoid arthritis.
. 2025 Jun 10;58(1):38.
doi: 10.1186/s40659-025-00620-7. Immunoinflammatory evidence of rheumatoid arthritis caused by COVID-19
Zhiqiang Shao[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Dan Xia[SUP] #[/SUP][SUP] 2 [/SUP], Liang Zhou[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Zonghan Xu[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Jiaqian Wang[SUP] 5 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 40495223
- PMCID: PMC12150480
- DOI: 10.1186/s40659-025-00620-7
Purpose: The relationship between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains uncertain. We aimed to assess the association between COVID-19 and RA through immune inflammation.
Methods: First, we conducted a meta-analysis on the risk of COVID-19 infection, hospitalization rate, and mortality rate for patients with RA. Then, Mendelian randomization (MR) was used to evaluate the causal relationship between COVID-19 and RA, and further analyzed the cytokines and immune cells in COVID-19 and RA. Finally, we obtained microarray datasets of COVID-19, RA patients, and normal controls from the GEO database. And performed functional, pathway enrichment, and immune cell infiltration analysis on differentially expressed genes between each group.
Results: The meta-analysis results suggested that the hospitalization rate and mortality rate of RA patients infected with COVID-19 were higher than those of the control population. MR analysis showed a positive correlation between COVID-19 infection and RA. We also found that interleukin 13 was associated with RA and COVID-19 infection. CD27 on IgD + CD24 + B cells and CD3 on CD39 + CD8 + T cells are common immune cell phenotypes in two diseases. In addition, COVID-19 function is enriched in immune responses mediated by leukocytes and neutrophils, while RA is significantly enriched in the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes. The results of immune cell infiltration showed that both diseases had more neutrophils and fewer CD8 T cells.
Conclusion: There are many similarities between COVID-19 and RA in immune inflammatory responses such as cytokines and immune cells. COVID-19 may lead to the development of RA through immune inflammation.
Keywords: COVID-19; Immune cells; Mendelian randomization; Meta-analysis; Rheumatoid arthritis.