ANTHRAX, HUMAN - UK (02): PNEUMONIC, CONFIRMATION [ProMedMail.org]

[Giuseppe]

ANTHRAX, HUMAN - UK (02): PNEUMONIC, CONFIRMATION [ProMedMail.org]

ANTHRAX, HUMAN - UK (02): PNEUMONIC, CONFIRMATION
*************************************************
A ProMED-mail post <http: org="">
ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases

<http: org="">[1] Date: Mon 27 Oct 2008 Source: Hackney Gazette [edited] <http: uk="" content="" hackney="" gazette="" news="" brand="HKYGOnline&category=news&tBrand=northlondon24&tCategory=newshkyg&itemid=WeED27%20Oct%202008%2016%3A06%3A43%3A180">

A man is being treated for inhalation of anthrax in intensive care at Homerton Hospital after contracting the rare illness from making drums from animal skins.

Health chiefs insist that terrorism is not involved and that there is no risk to the public.

The man who is believed to be a Spanish musician is said to be 'critical but stable' and has been at the hospital for a week.

--
Communicated by: Bengu Said Senior Scientist Emerging Infections and Zoonoses Health Protection Agency - Centre for Infections 6 Colindale Avenue London NW9 5EQ United Kingdom <bengu.said@hpa.org.uk>

[Our thanks to Bengu for his informed confirmation on Monday (27 Oct 2008) and his follow up on 28 Oct 2008 with the link to this local report. The patient is a musician who made drums using imported animal skins. Hackney is a London borough in the east of London, and possibly where he was living. - Mod.MHJ]

******
[2] Date: Tue 28 Oct 2008 From: Nigel Lightfoot <nigel.lightfoot@hpa.org.uk>

I am now chief advisor to the CEO at the Health Protection Agency and I am dealing with the incident as Director on Call. All the details of the case are on the HPA [Health Protection Agency] website and we were amused to find that PROMED-mail did not put it up until it had been confirmed by the media. This to me seems the wrong way round. It is a confirmed case related to drum making using imported animal skins but it did give us a fright when we first heard about it on Friday [24 Oct 2008]. We posted a press statement on our website on Saturday morning [25 Oct 2008] and sent it to the Press Association for onward distribution to the media. We were also surprised that the media were not interested and so far we have only had enquiries from the local newspaper [see above].

--
Prof. Nigel Lightfoot Chief Advisor to CEO & Head of Influenza Programme Health Protection Agency United Kingdom <nigel.lightfoot@hpa.org.uk>

[And our thanks to Nigel -- my students are convinced I know everybody. It's not quite true. Some background: Here at ProMED we are a significant target for those putting out disinformation, quite apart from routine misinformation. It is not infrequent. This report arrived with us promptly on Sat 25th Oct 2008, but without any echoes. The London press was silent as was the BBC. The sophistication of phishing scams is so high these days it just seemed too good a report and thus a possible hoax, and I hadn't twigged that this Nigel was that 'Nigel' of the press release. Plus the latter was a Professor! I could not get into my office to post it until after Mass on Sunday morning, 26 Oct 2008, as the campus was shut down all Saturday because of the football game -- we lost embarrassingly badly to Georgia. After rechecking the London Sunday newspapers, still silent, I posted the report with the cautionary comment. In the meanwhile we were contacting many in southern England who might know for confirmation. We cannot say we never make mistakes but we try to keep it to a minimum. - Mod.MHJ]

[see also:
Anthrax, human - UK: pneumonic, RFI 20081026.3387]
...................................mhj/mj/dk
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</nigel.lightfoot@hpa.org.uk></nigel.lightfoot@hpa.org.uk></bengu.said@hpa.org.uk></http:></http:></http:>​

<cite cite="http://apex.oracle.com/pls/otn/f?p=2400:1001:4198533108419946::NO::F2400_P1001_BACK_PAGE,F2400_P1001_PUB_MAIL_ID:1000,74548">http://apex.oracle.com/pls/otn/f?p=..._BACK_PAGE,F2400_P1001_PUB_MAIL_ID:1000,74548</cite>

 

[Giuseppe]

Re: ANTHRAX, HUMAN - UK (02): PNEUMONIC, CONFIRMATION [ProMedMail.org]

HPA - Single case of inhalation anthrax [Health Protection Agency - UK]

Single case of inhalation anthrax

25 October 2008

The Health Protection Agency has been responding to an isolated case of inhalation anthrax. The patient concerned is being treated in intensive care at a London hospital.


Anthrax is a disease caused by spores that live in the environment. It can cause a skin infection (cutaneous anthrax) or as in this case, inhalation anthrax, when the spores are inhaled into the lungs. Inhalation anthrax is very rare and is not passed from person to person.

Professor Nigel Lightfoot, Chief Advisor at the Health Protection Agency, said: ?This patient makes and then plays animal skin drums for a living. It is through making these drums that exposure to and inhalation of anthrax spores on an imported animal hide has taken place. The risk to others who play these drums is very low. It is the process of removing the animal hairs during the making of drums that can put people at risk.

?It is important that anyone who makes drums from imported animal hides is aware of this risk and knows about the symptoms of anthrax. Skin (cutaneous) anthrax causes a lesion which will develop from an inflamed pimple into an ulcer with a black centre and extensive swelling. The infection usually responds well to early treatment with antibiotics. Inhalation anthrax begins with flu-like symptoms followed by severe breathing difficulties and leads to blood poisoning.

?We are working closely with the Local Authority, the NHS and this patient?s family to identify anyone else who may have been exposed to these spores during the making of the drums. We will follow up anyone we identify and offer them antibiotics to prevent them from becoming ill. There is no need for members of the public, or people who play animal skin drums to be concerned.?

Ends

Notes to Editors
1. Despite the popularity of African drumming in the UK and elsewhere over recent years, no cases of anthrax associated with these activities have been reported. A single case of cutaneous (skin) anthrax associated with a goat hide bongo drum purchased in Haiti occurred in 1974: this is the only such case ever reported.
2. A case of inhalation anthrax occurred in 2006 in America in a man who made drums from dried (but otherwise untreated) animal hides brought in from West Africa. A case in August 2006 also occurred in Scotland in a man who made drums from imported animal hides.
3. Anthrax infections associated with the handling of untanned animal hides are now extremely rare in the UK. Imported animal hides from countries where anthrax is endemic in animals (for example, in Africa and Asia) pose a higher risk for exposure than domestic (UK origin) hides.
4. Strict regulations are in place for the importation of animal hides. These can be accessed at:http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/int-trde/imports/iins/hide/bp5b.htm
5. For further information about animal hide drums and anthrax please to go: http://www.hpa.org.uk/webw/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733752819?p=1191942145753
6. For media enquiries only please contact the HPA Press Office on 020 8200 4400.

Last reviewed: 25 October 2008
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​

<cite cite="http://www.hpa.org.uk/webw/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1224921625856?p=1204186170287">HPA - Single case of inhalation anthrax</cite>

 

[Giuseppe]

Re: ANTHRAX, HUMAN - UK (02): PNEUMONIC, CONFIRMATION [ProMedMail.org]

HPA - Investigations following a single case of inhalation anthrax

Investigations following a single case of inhalation anthrax

30 October 2008

The Health Protection Agency announced on Saturday that it has been responding to an isolated case of inhalation anthrax contracted from imported animal hides used for making drums.


The patient concerned is being treated in intensive care at a London hospital.

As part of an investigation to identify where the anthrax originated from, the Agency will be carrying out some testing at the patients' workshop in Hackney at the start of next week.

This will involve a team from the Agency who will wear protective clothing and use a handling tent outside the property.

These are standard procedures when this sort of work is carried out, to prevent the potential of any transfer of the bacteria

Professor Nigel Lightfoot, Chief Advisor at the Agency said, "We have been working with Hackney Council to ensure that all residents of the property have been communicated with and have had an opportunity to ask questions. There is no risk to the inhabitants of this block of flats, or the wider residents in the area. The patients' property is currently secured and there is no-one living there. If this testing reveals the presence of anthrax spores then this information will be communicated to local residents and specialist cleaning will be carried out to remove any trace of anthrax from the property.

"We have also been following up any contacts of this patient who may have been exposed to the anthrax spores by being in the same room when the animal skins were being prepared when the drums were made. We have so far given antibiotics to seven people as a precautionary measure, and no-one else has developed any symptoms of anthrax. It is important to stress that it is the making of animal skin drums that is the risk for coming into contact with anthrax rather than playing or handling drums.

"We have stressed to all residents throughout this incident that there is no risk to their health as a result of the case of anthrax, or the testing that will be carried out. We are however keen to reiterate to all individuals who make drums from imported animal skins that there is a risk of coming into contact with anthrax and that they should ensure they are aware of this and take precautions to protect themselves when making these drums"

Notes to Editors
For further information contact Emily Collins on 0207 759 2824
1. Anthrax is a disease caused by spores that live in the environment. It can cause a skin infection (cutaneous anthrax) or as in this case, inhalation anthrax, when the spores are inhaled into the lungs. Inhalation anthrax is very rare and is not passed from person to person. All individuals who may have been exposed to anthrax spores during the making of these drums have already been given antibiotics to prevent them from becoming ill. Anthrax is not passed from person to person.
2. Despite the popularity of African drumming in the UK and elsewhere over recent years, no cases of anthrax associated with these activities have been reported. A single case of cutaneous (skin) anthrax associated with a goat hide bongo drum purchased in Haiti occurred in 1974: this is the only such case ever reported.
3. A case of inhalation anthrax occurred in 2006 in America in a man who made drums from dried (but otherwise untreated) animal hides brought in from West Africa. A recent case (in August 2006) also occurred in Scotland in a man who made drums from imported animal hides.
4. Anthrax infections associated with the handling of untanned animal hides are now extremely rare in the UK. Imported animal hides from countries where anthrax is endemic in animals (for example, in Africa and Asia) pose a higher risk for exposure than domestic (UK origin) hides.
5. Strict regulations are in place for the importation of animal hides. These can be accessed at:
6. http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/int-trde/imports/iins/hide/bp5b.htm
7. For further information about animal hide drums and anthrax please to go: http://www.hpa.org.uk/webw/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733752819?p=1191942145753.

Last reviewed: 30 October 2008
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​

<cite cite="http://www.hpa.org.uk/webw/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1225354114771?p=1204186170287">HPA - Investigations following a single case of inhalation anthrax</cite>

 

[Giuseppe]

Re: ANTHRAX, HUMAN - UK (02): PNEUMONIC, CONFIRMATION [ProMedMail.org]

UK: Man dies after inhaling anthrax [BBC]

Man dies after inhaling anthrax

The last death of this kind in Britain was in 2006

A drum-maker who inhaled anthrax spores while handling imported animal skins at his workshop has died in hospital.


Fernando Gomez, 35, from Hackney in east London, had been in the intensive care unit of Homerton University Hospital for more than a week.

A hospital spokesman confirmed he died from inhalation anthrax rather than cutaneous anthrax, which is contracted through the skin.

Seven other people have been given antibiotics as a precautionary measure.

The Health Protection Agency (HPA) said it was attempting to trace where the infected skins originated.

A hospital spokesman said his condition had deteriorated overnight and that he died on Sunday afternoon.

Flat sealed off
The HPA has sealed off his flat in Hackney and will examine his workshop this week.

Its chief adviser, Professor Nigel Lightfoot, said residents who lived near the flat or workshop were not at risk.

He stressed the risk of coming into contact with anthrax came from the making of animal skin drums not playing or handling them.

He said: "We are, however, keen to reiterate to all individuals who make drums from imported animal skins that there is a risk of coming into contact with anthrax and that they should ensure they are aware of this and take precautions to protect themselves when making these drums."

The threat to the general public is very small and it is extremely unusual for anthrax to be transmitted from person to person.

The last death of this kind in Britain was in 2006 when Christopher Norris, 50, a craftsman from Stobs, near Hawick in Scotland, died after inhaling anthrax.

Mr Norris made artworks and also musical instruments, including drums.

A fatal accident inquiry into his death is due to take place on 18 November at Edinburgh Sheriff Court.
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<cite cite="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/7705328.stm">BBC NEWS | UK | England | London | Man dies after inhaling anthrax</cite>

 

[Giuseppe]

Re: ANTHRAX, HUMAN - UK (02): PNEUMONIC, CONFIRMATION [ProMedMail.org]

Anthrax examination begins on flat of dead drum-maker [The Guardian]

Health officials will today examine the home and workshop of a drum-maker who died after inhaling anthrax as he handled imported animal skins.
Fernando Gomez, 35, from Hackney, east London, had been in the intensive care unit of Homerton University hospital since being taken ill over a week ago.
He died there yesterday with his wife and family around him.
His flat was sealed off by the Health Protection Agency (HPA) and his workshop in the borough will also be examined.
Seven other people who had been in the room where the skins were prepared were given antibiotics as a precautionary measure. None have developed symptoms.
Professor Nigel Lightfoot, the HPA's chief adviser, said residents who live near the flat or workshop are not at risk.
"It is important to stress that it is the making of animal skin drums that is the risk for coming into contact with anthrax rather than playing or handling drums," he said.
"We are, however, keen to reiterate to all individuals who make drums from imported animal skins that there is a risk of coming into contact with anthrax and that they should ensure they are aware of this and take precautions to protect themselves."
Jules Pipe, the mayor of Hackney, said: "This is an extremely rare case and this type of anthrax cannot be passed from person to person."
The last similar death in Britain was in 2006 when Christopher Norris, 50, a craftsman who made musical instruments including drums, from Stobs, near Hawick in Scotland, died after inhaling anthrax.
Last year a report from NHS Borders said it was likely Norris contracted the illness after playing or handling anthrax-contaminated west African drums at a drumming workshop.
A fatal accident inquiry into his death is due to take place on November 18 at Edinburgh Sheriff Court.

• Anthrax

guardian.co.uk ? Guardian News & Media Limited 2008 | Use of this content is subject to our Terms & Conditions | More Feeds
View Original Article

 

[Giuseppe]

Re: ANTHRAX, HUMAN - UK (02): PNEUMONIC, CONFIRMATION [ProMedMail.org]

HPA - Investigations following a death from anthrax

Investigations following a death from anthrax

3 November 2008

Following the announcement of the death of a patient from inhalation anthrax the Health Protection Agency would like to offer its condolences to the patient's family and friends.


As part of an investigation to identify where the anthrax originated from, the Agency will be carrying out some testing at the patient's workshop in Hackney tomorrow.

This will involve a team from the Agency who will wear protective clothing and use a handling tent outside the property.

These are standard procedures when this sort of work is carried out, to prevent the potential of any transfer of the bacteria.

Dr Brian McCloskey, Director of the Agency in the London Region said, "We have been working with Hackney Council and have spoken to all the residents of this property. There is no risk to those living in this block of flats, or the wider residents in the area. The patient's property is currently secured and there is no-one living there. If this testing reveals the presence of anthrax spores then we will speak to local residents about this and specialist cleaning will be carried out to remove any trace of anthrax from the property.

"We have also been following up any contacts of this patient who may have been exposed to the anthrax spores by being in the same room when the animal skins were being prepared and the drums were made. We have so far given antibiotics to eight people as a precautionary measure, and none of these have developed any symptoms of anthrax. It is important to stress that it is the making of animal skin drums that is the risk for coming into contact with anthrax rather than playing or handling drums.

"We have stressed to all residents throughout this incident that there is no risk to their health as a result of the case of anthrax, or the testing that will be carried out. We are however keen to reiterate to all individuals who make drums from imported animal skins that there is a risk of coming into contact with anthrax and that they should ensure they are aware of this and take precautions to protect themselves when making these drums"

Notes to Editors

1. There will be an opportunity for media to take photographs prior to the testing starting on Tuesday. This will be at 8am and after this all media will be requested to leave so that the team can carry out their work uninterrupted. If you would like to send a photographer then please contact Emily Collins on 0207 759 2824.

2. Anthrax is a disease caused by spores that live in the environment. It can cause a skin infection (cutaneous anthrax) or as in this case, inhalation anthrax, when the spores are inhaled into the lungs. Inhalation anthrax is very rare and is not passed from person to person. All individuals who may have been exposed to anthrax spores during the making of these drums have already been given antibiotics to prevent them from becoming ill.

3. Despite the popularity of African drumming in the UK and elsewhere over recent years, no cases of anthrax associated with these activities have been reported. A single case of cutaneous (skin) anthrax associated with a goat hide bongo drum purchased in Haiti occurred in 1974: this is the only such case ever reported.

4. A case of inhalation anthrax occurred in 2006 in America in a man who made drums from dried (but otherwise untreated) animal hides brought in from West Africa. A recent case (in August 2006) also occurred in Scotland in a man who made drums from imported animal hides.

5. Anthrax infections associated with the handling of untanned animal hides are now extremely rare in the UK. Imported animal hides from countries where anthrax is endemic in animals (for example, in Africa and Asia) pose a higher risk for exposure than domestic (UK origin) hides.

6. Strict regulations are in place for the importation of animal hides. These can be accessed at:

7. http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/int-trde/imports/iins/hide/bp5b.htm

8. For further information about animal hide drums and anthrax please to go: http://www.hpa.org.uk/webw/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733752819?p=1191942145753.

Last reviewed: 3 November 2008
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​

<cite cite="http://www.hpa.org.uk/webw/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1225700805518?p=1204186170287">HPA - Investigations following a death from anthrax</cite>

 

[Giuseppe]

Re: ANTHRAX, HUMAN - UK (02): PNEUMONIC, CONFIRMATION [ProMedMail.org]

[Excerpts from ProMedMail.org commentary about this incident. IOH.]

(...)

Readers should note that although the patient had been under intense
medical care for a week, he still died from this disease. Once the symptoms
have started it is extremely hard to prevent human deaths from anthrax. So
far there is no information on how or why the patient's GP and the Homerton
University Hospital tumbled to the fact that he had pneumonic anthrax.
Someone was very alert and is to be commended.

Decontaminating such drum making establishments can be quite a challenge.
In spite of the press reports, only the deceased patient's workshop has
been sealed, not his flat (apartment). It would not be surprising if there
were a number of contaminated hides; they usually originate from street
markets in various African towns. While the HPA are not directly
responsible for checking professional and amateur drum making
establishments, they might consider encouraging local authorities to visit
other UK drum makers to check that their hides are healthy. Based on our
extensive field experience with various wildlife species of animals dead
from anthrax the Porton examinations should include PCR [polymerase chain
reaction] checks of the hides as culturing can and does, not infrequently,
come up with false negatives.

Whatever claims are made about controlling the entry of sun dried hides
from Africa and elsewhere it is clear that the present procedures need to
be revisited as well as the luggage inspection of UK tourists returning
from West Africa, and of West Africans visiting relatives in the UK. DEFRA
(UK Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs) are responsible
for the control of imported hides. - Mod.MHJ]
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</pre>

 

[Giuseppe]

Re: ANTHRAX, HUMAN - UK (02): PNEUMONIC, CONFIRMATION [ProMedMail.org]

Investigations following a death from anthrax (11/14/2008) [UK Health Protection Agency]

Investigations following a death from anthrax

14 November 2008

Following the announcement of the death of a patient from inhalation anthrax the Health Protection Agency have been carrying out testing at the patient's workshop in Hackney, where animal skin drums were made.


Testing was carried out to see whether there were traces of anthrax at the property and if any specialist cleaning was needed before it could be used again.

Samples were taken from the property on Tuesday 4th November and tested at the Agency's specialist laboratories in Porton Down.

Results from these samples confirmed that anthrax was found on one of five drums in the property and also on some animal skins.

No traces of anthrax were found in the other samples which were taken from a wide variety of places within the property.

Dr Brian McCloskey, Director of the Agency in the London Region said, "These results mean that we will not need to carry out wide scale specialist cleaning at the property. We have already taken the animal skins away and will be removing the drum early next week. We will then carry out some final checks and if all is well we will be able to hand the keys back to the owner"

"We have informed all residents of the local area about these results and have thanked them for their patience during this investigation"

Notes to Editors
1. For further information please contact the London press office on 0207 759 2824.
2. Anthrax is a disease caused by spores that live in the environment. It can cause a skin infection (cutaneous anthrax) or as in this case, inhalation anthrax, when the spores are inhaled into the lungs. Inhalation anthrax is very rare and is not passed from person to person. All individuals who may have been exposed to anthrax spores during the making of these drums have already been given antibiotics to prevent them from becoming ill.
3. Despite the popularity of African drumming in the UK and elsewhere over recent years, cases of anthrax associated with these activities are very rare.
4. A single case of cutaneous (skin) anthrax associated with a goat hide bongo drum purchased in Haiti occurred in 1974: this is the only such case ever reported. Since then rare cases of cutaneous anthrax have occurred as a result of making drums from untanned animal hides.
5. A case of inhalation anthrax occurred in 2006 in America in a man who made drums from dried (but otherwise untreated) animal hides brought in from West Africa. A recent case occurred in Scotland in 2006 in a man who made and played drums from imported animal hides.
6. Anthrax infections associated with the handling of untanned animal hides are now extremely rare in the UK. Imported animal hides from countries where anthrax is endemic in animals (for example, in Africa and Asia) pose a higher risk for exposure than domestic (UK origin) hides.
7. Strict regulations are in place for the importation of animal hides. These can be accessed at: http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/int-trde/imports/iins/hide/bp5b.htm
8. For further information about animal hide drums and anthrax please to go: http://www.hpa.org.uk/webw/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733752819?p=1191942145753 or, http://www.hpa.org.uk/hpr/archives/2008/news4508.htm#anthrax

Last reviewed: 14 November 2008
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​

<cite cite="http://www.hpa.org.uk/webw/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1226652142136?p=1204186170287">HPA - Investigations following a death from anthrax</cite>

 

[Giuseppe]

Re: ANTHRAX, HUMAN - UK (02): PNEUMONIC, CONFIRMATION [ProMedMail.org]

HPA - Investigations following a death from anthrax (11/22/2008)

Investigations following a death from anthrax

21 November 2008

Following the announcement of the death of a patient from inhalation anthrax the Health Protection Agency have been carrying out testing at the patient's workshop in Hackney, where animal skin drums were made.


Testing was carried out to see whether there were traces of anthrax at the property and if any specialist cleaning was needed before it could be used again.

Samples were taken from the property on Tuesday 4th November and tested at the Agency's specialist laboratories in Porton Down.

Results from these samples confirmed that anthrax was found on one of five drums in the property and also on some animal skins.

No traces of anthrax were found in the other samples which were taken from a wide variety of places within the property.

Dr Brian McCloskey, Director of the Agency in the London Region said, "These results mean that we will not need to carry out wide scale specialist cleaning at the property. We have removed both the animal skins and the drum and they will be fully decontaminated or destroyed. The keys for the property have now been handed back to the owner.

"We have informed all residents of the local area about these results and have thanked them for their patience during this investigation"

Notes to Editors
1. For further information please contact the London press office on 0207 759 2824.
2. Anthrax is a disease caused by spores that live in the environment. It can cause a skin infection (cutaneous anthrax) or as in this case, inhalation anthrax, when the spores are inhaled into the lungs. Inhalation anthrax is very rare and is not passed from person to person. All individuals who may have been exposed to anthrax spores during the making of these drums have already been given antibiotics to prevent them from becoming ill.
3. Despite the popularity of African drumming in the UK and elsewhere over recent years, cases of anthrax associated with these activities are very rare.
4. A single case of cutaneous (skin) anthrax associated with a goat hide bongo drum purchased in Haiti occurred in 1974: this is the only such case ever reported. Since then rare cases of cutaneous anthrax have occurred as a result of making drums from untanned animal hides.
5. A case of inhalation anthrax occurred in 2006 in America in a man who made drums from dried (but otherwise untreated) animal hides brought in from West Africa. A recent case occurred in Scotland in 2006 in a man who made and played drums from imported animal hides.
6. Anthrax infections associated with the handling of untanned animal hides are now extremely rare in the UK. Imported animal hides from countries where anthrax is endemic in animals (for example, in Africa and Asia) pose a higher risk for exposure than domestic (UK origin) hides.
7. Strict regulations are in place for the importation of animal hides. These can be accessed at: http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/int-trde/imports/iins/hide/bp5b.htm
8. For further information about animal hide drums and anthrax please to go: http://www.hpa.org.uk/webw/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733752819?p=1191942145753 or, http://www.hpa.org.uk/hpr/news/default.htm#anthrax

Last reviewed: 21 November 2008
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​

<cite cite="http://www.hpa.org.uk/webw/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1227255696287?p=1204186170287">HPA - Investigations following a death from anthrax</cite>