sharon sanders
Editor-in-Chief & President
[h=1]Emergence of Congenital Zika Syndrome: Viewpoint From the Front Lines FREE ONLINE FIRST[/h] Federico Costa, PhD; Manoel Sarno, MD, PhD; Ricardo Khouri, PhD; Bruno de Paulo Freitas, MD; Isadora Siqueira, MD, PhD; Guilherme S. Ribeiro, MD, PhD; Hugo C. Ribeiro, MD; Gubio S. Campos, PhD; Luiz C. Alc?ntara, PhD; Mitermayer G. Reis, MD, PhD; Scott C. Weaver, PhD; Nikos Vasilakis, PhD; Albert I. Ko, MD; and Antonio Raimundo Almeida, MD
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Ann Intern Med. Published online 24 February 2016 doi:10.7326/M16-0332
snip
A simpler explanation is that the outbreaks began when, by chance, the virus was introduced into naive populations at the right time and place for initiation of the human?mosquito cycle. If the virus is able to establish endemic or enzootic circulation (as has been suggested as occurring in Asia on the basis of seroprevalence data) stable herd immunity may prevent future epidemics, as well as CZS in Brazil. Further, genetic, pathogenesis, and vector infection studies with diverse virus strains combined with improved surveillance and better, more affordable diagnostics that can be deployed even in remote, resource-limited settings, are needed to evaluate these hypotheses.
Unfortunately, the immediate prospects for controlling the magnitude and spread of the current Zika virus epidemic are not promising. Until a vaccine is available, mosquito control and education of at-risk populations to reduce contact with the vector are the only short-term approaches available. These methods have had limited success for dengue and chikungunya viruses.
Although recent advances in flavivirus vaccines may guide relatively rapid development of a Zika vaccine, availability is still probably years away. Treatment with a monoclonal antibody could also be developed quickly on the basis of promising past results with flaviviruses. However, systematic investigations of pregnant women and newborns will still be needed to determine the risk for transplacental infection and development of severe congenital sequelae that can, in turn, guide effective diagnostic and prevention efforts.
http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2498549&resultClick=3
[+] Article, Author, and Disclosure Information
Ann Intern Med. Published online 24 February 2016 doi:10.7326/M16-0332
snip
A simpler explanation is that the outbreaks began when, by chance, the virus was introduced into naive populations at the right time and place for initiation of the human?mosquito cycle. If the virus is able to establish endemic or enzootic circulation (as has been suggested as occurring in Asia on the basis of seroprevalence data) stable herd immunity may prevent future epidemics, as well as CZS in Brazil. Further, genetic, pathogenesis, and vector infection studies with diverse virus strains combined with improved surveillance and better, more affordable diagnostics that can be deployed even in remote, resource-limited settings, are needed to evaluate these hypotheses.
Unfortunately, the immediate prospects for controlling the magnitude and spread of the current Zika virus epidemic are not promising. Until a vaccine is available, mosquito control and education of at-risk populations to reduce contact with the vector are the only short-term approaches available. These methods have had limited success for dengue and chikungunya viruses.
Although recent advances in flavivirus vaccines may guide relatively rapid development of a Zika vaccine, availability is still probably years away. Treatment with a monoclonal antibody could also be developed quickly on the basis of promising past results with flaviviruses. However, systematic investigations of pregnant women and newborns will still be needed to determine the risk for transplacental infection and development of severe congenital sequelae that can, in turn, guide effective diagnostic and prevention efforts.
http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2498549&resultClick=3