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American wild birds with Influenza

Re: American wild birds with H5N1

Re: American wild birds with H5N1

1: J Gen Virol. 1999 Dec;80 ( Pt 12):3167-71. <SCRIPT language=JavaScript1.2><!-- var Menu10567648 = [ ["UseLocalConfig", "jsmenu3Config", "", ""], ["Nucleotide" , "window.top.location='/sites/entrez?Db=nuccore&DbFrom=pubmed&Cmd=Link&LinkName=pubmed_nuccore&LinkReadableName=Nucleotide&IdsFromResult=10567648&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus' ", "", ""], ["Taxonomy via GenBank" , "window.top.location='/sites/entrez?Db=taxonomy&DbFrom=pubmed&Cmd=Link&LinkName=pubmed_taxonomy_entrez&LinkReadableName=Taxonomy%20via%20GenBank&IdsFromResult=10567648&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus' ", "", ""], ["Protein" , "window.top.location='/sites/entrez?Db=protein&DbFrom=pubmed&Cmd=Link&LinkName=pubmed_protein&LinkReadableName=Protein&IdsFromResult=10567648&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus' ", "", ""], ["Cited in PMC" , "window.top.location='/sites/entrez?Db=pmc&DbFrom=pubmed&Cmd=Link&LinkName=pubmed_pmc_refs&LinkReadableName=Cited%20in%20PMC&IdsFromResult=10567648&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus' ", "", ""], ["LinkOut", "window.top.location='/sites/entrez?Cmd=ShowLinkOut&Db=pubmed&TermToSearch=10567648&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus' ", "", ""] ] --></SCRIPT>Links
<DD class=abstract>
Transmission of Eurasian avian H2 influenza virus to shorebirds in North America.

<!--AuthorList-->Makarova NV, Kaverin NV, Krauss S, Senne D, Webster RG.
The D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Gamaleya Str. 16, Moscow 123098, Russia. finmed@glasnet.ru
</DD><DD class=abstract>
Influenza A virus of the H2 subtype caused a serious pandemic in 1957 and may cause similar outbreaks in the future. To assess the evolution and the antigenic relationships of avian influenza H2 viruses, we sequenced the haemagglutinin (HA) genes of H2 isolates from shorebirds, ducks and poultry in North America and derived a phylogenetic tree to establish their interrelationships. This analysis confirmed the divergence of H2 HA into two geographical lineages, American and Eurasian. One group of viruses isolated from shorebirds in North America had HA belonging to the Eurasian lineage, indicating an interregional transmission of the H2 gene. Characterization of HA with a monoclonal antibody panel revealed that the antigenicity of the Delaware strains differed from the other avian strains analysed. The data emphasizes the importance of avian influenza surveillance.
</DD><DD class=abstract>
PMID: 10567648 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
</DD>
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10567648
 
Re: American wild birds with H5N1

Re: American wild birds with H5N1

1: Virus Genes. 2004 Aug;29(1):81-6. <SCRIPT language=JavaScript1.2><!-- var Menu15215686 = [ ["UseLocalConfig", "jsmenu3Config", "", ""], ["Nucleotide" , "window.top.location='/sites/entrez?Db=nuccore&DbFrom=pubmed&Cmd=Link&LinkName=pubmed_nuccore&LinkReadableName=Nucleotide&IdsFromResult=15215686&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus' ", "", ""], ["Taxonomy via GenBank" , "window.top.location='/sites/entrez?Db=taxonomy&DbFrom=pubmed&Cmd=Link&LinkName=pubmed_taxonomy_entrez&LinkReadableName=Taxonomy%20via%20GenBank&IdsFromResult=15215686&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus' ", "", ""], ["Protein" , "window.top.location='/sites/entrez?Db=protein&DbFrom=pubmed&Cmd=Link&LinkName=pubmed_protein&LinkReadableName=Protein&IdsFromResult=15215686&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus' ", "", ""], ["PopSet" , "window.top.location='/sites/entrez?Db=popset&DbFrom=pubmed&Cmd=Link&LinkName=pubmed_popset&LinkReadableName=PopSet&IdsFromResult=15215686&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus' ", "", ""], ["Cited in PMC" , "window.top.location='/sites/entrez?Db=pmc&DbFrom=pubmed&Cmd=Link&LinkName=pubmed_pmc_refs&LinkReadableName=Cited%20in%20PMC&IdsFromResult=15215686&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus' ", "", ""], ["LinkOut", "window.top.location='/sites/entrez?Cmd=ShowLinkOut&Db=pubmed&TermToSearch=15215686&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus' ", "", ""] ] --></SCRIPT>Links
<DD class=abstract>
Interregional transmission of the internal protein genes of H2 influenza virus in migratory ducks from North America to Eurasia.

<!--AuthorList-->Liu JH, Okazaki K, Bai GR, Shi WM, Mweene A, Kida H.
Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, People' s Republic of China. ljh@cau.edu.cn
</DD><DD class=abstract>
H2 influenza virus caused a pandemic in 1957 and has the possibility to cause outbreaks in the future. To assess the evolutionary characteristics of H2 influenza viruses isolated from migratory ducks that congregate in Hokkaido, Japan, on their flyway of migration from Siberia in 2001, we investigated the phylogenetic relationships among these viruses and avian and human viruses described previously. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the PB2 gene of Dk/Hokkaido/107/01 (H2N3) and the PA gene of Dk/Hokkaido/95/01 (H2N2) belonged to the American lineage of avian virus and that the other genes of the isolates belonged to the Eurasian lineage. These results indicate that the internal protein genes might be transmitted from American to Eurasian avian host. Thus, it is further confirmed that interregional transmission of influenza viruses occurred between the North American and Eurasian birds. The fact that reassortants could be generated in the migratory ducks between North American and Eurasian avian virus lineage further stresses the importance of global surveillance among the migratory ducks.
</DD><DD class=abstract>
PMID: 15215686 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
</DD>
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15215686
 
Re: American wild birds with H5N1

Re: American wild birds with H5N1

Prevalence of Influenza A viruses in wild migratory birds in Alaska: Patterns of variation in detection at a crossroads of intercontinental flyways

Hon S Ip,<SUP>
corrauth.gif
</SUP><SUP>1</SUP> Paul L Flint,<SUP>2</SUP> J Christian Franson,<SUP>1</SUP> Robert J Dusek,<SUP>1</SUP> Dirk V Derksen,<SUP>2</SUP> Robert E Gill, Jr,<SUP>2</SUP> Craig R Ely,<SUP>2</SUP> John M Pearce,<SUP>2</SUP> Richard B Lanctot,<SUP>3</SUP> Steven M Matsuoka,<SUP>3</SUP> David B Irons,<SUP>3</SUP> Julian B Fischer,<SUP>3</SUP> Russell M Oates,<SUP>3</SUP> Margaret R Petersen,<SUP>2</SUP> Thomas F Fondell,<SUP>2</SUP> Deborah A Rocque,<SUP>3</SUP> Janice C Pedersen,<SUP>4</SUP> and Thomas C Rothe<SUP>5</SUP>
<SUP></SUP>
<SUP>(snipped)</SUP>
<SUP></SUP>
Of 16,797 birds sampled in Alaska between May 2006 and March 2007, low pathogenic avian influenza viruses were detected in 1.7%....
......
...we detected low pathogenic AI viruses in 293 birds...
.....
...189 low pathogenic viruses were detected by virus isolation...
.....
Detection of AI in 4 eider species, whose populations from Asia and North America co-mingle annually in Alaska, suggests they may be important hosts for the intercontinental transport of these viruses.


http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2435106#B15

.
 
Re: American wild birds with H5N1

Re: American wild birds with H5N1

"travel logs" don't mean the viruses mixed.

yes, America <--> Eurasian or Australian interchanges happen, but
are surprisingly rare.

The HAs and NAs seem to mix more often, but of course only whole viruses travel.
Apparantly HA,NA reassort and survive in a new continent more frequently, while
inner segments are more bound to one continent



distribution of the genbank sequences of several types
(flugenome.org) to the continents


Code: 
segment
  type  Asia,EU , AFR, OZ ,N.Am, S.Am   total (human+avian)
------------------------------------------------
 1      773,  11,  10,  10,  58,    ,   1068 
 1 A       ,   2,    ,    ,    ,    ,   2444 
 1 B       ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   93 
 1 C       ,   1,    ,    , 503,   1,   635 
 1 D       ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   1 
 1 E       ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   3,   3 
 1 F       ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   27 
 1 G    105, 104,    ,   2,   1,    ,   238 
 1 H       ,   5,    ,    ,   1,    ,   6 
 1 I       ,    ,    ,   9,    ,    ,   9 
 1 J       ,   5,    ,    ,  12,    ,   17 
 1 K    755,  82,  55,  28,   2,    ,   1087 
 1 L       ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   1 
 2      928,  27,  13,  13,  52,    ,   1272 
 2 A       ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   817 
 2 B       ,    ,    ,    ,   6,    ,   6 
 2 C       ,   2,    ,    ,   1,    ,   3 
 2 D       ,    ,    ,  16,  16,    ,   1718 
 2 E       ,   6,    ,    ,    ,    ,   54 
 2 F      1,   1,    ,    , 508,   5,   563 
 2 G    685, 178,  54,  16,   8,    ,   1165 
 2 H       ,    ,    ,   2,    ,    ,   2 
 2 I       ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   48 
 3      857,  21,  13,  11,  60,    ,   1156 
 3 1D      ,    ,    ,    ,   1,    ,   1 
 3 6E      ,    ,    ,    ,   1,    ,   1 
 3 A       ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   31 
 3 B       ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   2386 
 3 C       ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   103 
 3 D    531, 159,  53,   5,   2,    ,   905 
 3 E    213,  16,   1,  35, 363,   1,   724 
 3 F       ,    ,    ,    ,  10,    ,   10 
 3 G       ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   43 
 3 H       ,   6,    ,    , 123,    ,   148 
 3 I       ,   8,    ,    ,    ,    ,   41 
 3 J       ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   5,   5 
 3 K       ,    ,    ,    ,  24,    ,   24 
 4      547,  82,  26,  13,  43,    ,   1556 
 4 10A     ,    ,    ,    ,  15,    ,   15 
 4 10B     ,    ,    ,    ,   1,    ,   1 
 4 10C     ,    ,    ,    ,   3,    ,   3 
 4 10D     ,   4,    ,    ,    ,    ,   4 
 4 10E    7,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   8 
 4 10F    1,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   1 
 4 11A    4,   4,    ,   3,    ,    ,   11 
 4 11B     ,   5,    ,   1,   1,    ,   7 
 4 11C    2,    ,    ,    ,  46,    ,   52 
 4 12A     ,    ,    ,    ,  19,    ,   19 
 4 12B     ,    ,    ,   2,    ,    ,   2 
 4 13A     ,    ,    ,    ,   5,    ,   6 
 4 13B     ,   3,    ,    ,   1,    ,   4 
 4 13C     ,    ,    ,    ,   4,    ,   4 
 4 14A     ,   3,    ,    ,    ,    ,   3 
 4 14B     ,   1,    ,    ,    ,    ,   1 
 4 15A     ,    ,    ,   8,    ,    ,   8 
 4 16A     ,   3,    ,    ,    ,    ,   3 
 4 16B     ,   1,    ,    ,    ,    ,   1 
 4 16C     ,    ,    ,    ,   3,    ,   3 
 4 1A      ,    ,    ,    ,   3,    ,   206 
 4 1B     1,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   1681 
 4 1C     9,   3,    ,   3,    ,    ,   64 
 4 1D      ,    ,    ,    ,  48,    ,   50 
 4 1E      ,    ,    ,    ,   2,    ,   2 
 4 2A      ,    ,    ,    ,   1,    ,   94 
 4 2B     4,   1,    ,    ,   4,    ,   9 
 4 2C      ,   2,    ,    ,    ,    ,   2 
 4 2D     8,   3,    ,    ,    ,    ,   11 
 4 2E      ,   6,    ,    ,   1,    ,   7 
 4 2F      ,    ,    ,    ,  12,    ,   12 
 4 2G      ,    ,    ,    ,   2,    ,   2 
 4 2H      ,    ,    ,    ,  36,   1,   40 
 4 2I      ,    ,    ,    ,   5,    ,   5 
 4 3A    20,   1,    ,   9,   5,    ,   4873 
 4 3B    46,   9,    ,    ,    ,    ,   59 
 4 3C      ,    ,    ,    ,  29,    ,   35 
 4 3D     1,    ,    ,    ,  39,    ,   48 
 4 3E      ,    ,    ,   1,    ,    ,   1 
 4 3F      ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   140 
 4 4A      ,    ,    ,    ,  99,    ,   103 
 4 4B      ,    ,    ,   4,    ,    ,   4 
 4 4C    11,   5,    ,   1,   2,    ,   19 
 4 4D      ,    ,    ,   3,    ,    ,   3 
 4 5A      ,    ,    ,    ,  20,    ,   20 
 4 5B    14,    ,    ,    ,  60,    ,   74 
 4 5C     1,    ,    ,   1,  96,    ,   105 
 4 5D      ,    ,    ,    ,   1,    ,   1 
 4 5E      ,   4,   2,    ,    ,    ,   6 
 4 5F    15,  17,    ,    ,    ,    ,   32 
 4 5G      ,  19,   2,    ,    ,    ,   21 
 4 5H    24,  18,    ,    ,    ,    ,   42 
 4 5I     6,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   6 
 4 5J  1082, 168, 165,    ,    ,    ,   1688 
 4 5K      ,  13,    ,    ,    ,    ,   13 
 4 6A    32,    ,    ,    ,  11,    ,   43 
 4 6B   149,  29,   1,    ,  43,    ,   222 
 4 6C      ,   1,    ,    ,   9,    ,   10 
 4 6D      ,    ,    ,   3,    ,    ,   3 
 4 6E      ,    ,    ,   3,   6,    ,   9 
 4 6F      ,    ,    ,    ,   7,    ,   7 
 4 6G      ,    ,    ,    ,  87,    ,   87 
 4 7A    24, 190,   5,    ,   1,    ,   224 
 4 7B      ,   4,   1,    ,   1,    ,   6 
 4 7C      ,    ,    ,  15,    ,    ,   15 
 4 7D      ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   13 
 4 7E      ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   8,   8 
 4 7F      ,    ,    ,   1, 143,    ,   173 
 4 8A     1,    ,    ,    ,  13,    ,   14 
 4 9A     2,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   2 
 4 9B   143,   1,    ,    ,    ,    ,   147 
 4 9C   455,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   490 
 4 9D     6,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   6 
 4 9E      ,    ,    ,    ,  18,    ,   18 
 4 9F    27,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   32 
 4 9G    19,   9,   1,    ,   2,    ,   31 
 4 9H      ,    ,    ,    ,   3,    ,   3 
 4 9I     1,    ,    ,    ,   5,    ,   6 
 4 9J    11,    ,    ,   1,   1,    ,   13 
 5      897,  31,  13,  14, 174,   1,   1531 
 5 A       ,    ,    ,    ,   6,    ,   2749 
 5 B       ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   3 
 5 C       ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   4,   52 
 5 D       ,   5,    ,    ,  11,    ,   17 
 5 E       ,    ,    ,  20,    ,    ,   20 
 5 F    810, 216,  54,  14,   1,    ,   1325 
 5 G       ,    ,    ,   7,    ,    ,   7 
 5 H      1,    ,    ,    , 472,    ,   520 
 6      479,  63,  10,  26,  22,    ,   882 
 6 1A     2,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   1042 
 6 1B      ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   111 
 6 1C      ,   2,    ,    ,    ,    ,   2 
 6 1D      ,    ,    ,    ,   8,    ,   8 
 6 1E     7,   2,    ,   4, 114,   2,   131 
 6 1F    10,   4,    ,    ,    ,    ,   35 
 6 1G    98,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   122 
 6 1H    17,  48,   1,    ,    ,    ,   66 
 6 1I    34,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   34 
 6 1J   778, 112,  67,    ,    ,    ,   1146 
 6 1K     4,   3,    ,    ,    ,    ,   7 
 6 1L     2,    ,   1,    ,    ,    ,   3 
 6 2A      ,    ,    ,    ,   6,    ,   2757 
 6 2B   444,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   475 
 6 2C    15,   5,    ,    ,   1,    ,   21 
 6 2D    95,  23,   3,    ,  16,    ,   144 
 6 2E    65,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   67 
 6 2F      ,    ,    ,    ,   6,    ,   6 
 6 2G     3,    ,    ,    , 208,    ,   238 
 6 2H      ,    ,    ,   1,    ,    ,   1 
 6 2I     1,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   1 
 6 3A      ,    ,    ,    ,  68,   1,   77 
 6 3B    28,  47,   2,   3,    ,    ,   80 
 6 3C      ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   8,   8 
 6 3D      ,   5,    ,    ,    ,    ,   5 
 6 3E      ,   2,    ,    ,    ,    ,   2 
 6 3F      ,    ,    ,    ,   2,    ,   2 
 6 4A      ,    ,    ,    ,  17,    ,   17 
 6 4B     3,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   3 
 6 4C      ,    ,    ,   2,    ,    ,   3 
 6 5A      ,    ,    ,    ,   1,    ,   1 
 6 5B     3,   1,    ,    ,    ,    ,   4 
 6 5C     1,    ,    ,   6,    ,    ,   7 
 6 5D      ,    ,    ,    ,  32,    ,   32 
 6 6A     1,    ,    ,    ,  73,    ,   82 
 6 6B      ,   2,    ,    ,  11,    ,   13 
 6 6C    19,   2,    ,    ,   1,    ,   22 
 6 6D      ,   4,    ,    ,    ,    ,   4 
 6 6E      ,    ,    ,   2,    ,    ,   2 
 6 7A      ,   1,    ,    ,   1,    ,   2 
 6 7B      ,    ,    ,   3,    ,    ,   3 
 6 7C      ,   4,    ,    ,    ,    ,   4 
 6 7D     6,   5,    ,    ,   1,    ,   14 
 6 7E      ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   5 
 6 7F      ,    ,    ,    ,   9,    ,   9 
 6 7G      ,    ,    ,    ,  12,    ,   14 
 6 8A    12,    ,    ,   7,  84,    ,   108 
 6 8B      ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   54 
 6 8C     9,  17,   3,   7,    ,    ,   37 
 6 9A     6,   1,    ,   5,  43,    ,   58 
 6 9B     4,   2,    ,   3,    ,    ,   9 
 7      291,  13,  12,   1,  51,    ,   852 
 7 A       ,    ,    ,    ,   9,    ,   188 
 7 B      1,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   2709 
 7 C       ,    ,    ,    ,  26,    ,   26 
 7 D       ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   4 
 7 E      1,   2,    ,   6, 788,   9,   918 
 7 F   1519, 228,  55,  38,  35,    ,   2145 
 7 G       ,    ,    ,   9,    ,    ,   9 
 8      249,   6,   6,   3,   5,    ,   372 
 8 1A      ,    ,    ,    ,   8,    ,   2795 
 8 1B      ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   4 
 8 1C      ,   4,    ,    ,  24,    ,   28 
 8 1D     3,  12,    ,  36, 482,   2,   628 
 8 1E  1512, 185,  55,  13,   6,    ,   2035 
 8 1F      ,    ,   4,    ,    ,    ,   4 
 8 1G      ,    ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   1 
 8 2A    63,  86,   3,   2,   3,    ,   158 
 8 2B      ,    ,    ,    , 334,    ,   363 
 8 2C      ,    ,    ,    ,    ,   9,   9 
 8 2D      ,   3,    ,   1,    ,    ,   4 
 8 2E      ,    ,    ,    ,   2,    ,   2


Hokkaido/107 is too small, only partial sequence available, so it is not included
 
Re: American wild birds with H5N1

Re: American wild birds with H5N1

gsgs said:
how would influenza have come to America ?
How jumped to humans without domesticated animals ?
How successfully spread without ships,horses ?

Why would not the Europeans be attacked by a
native American virus ?
Click to expand...

Colonial era Europeans were trading with Africa, Asia, and Russia. They came in contact with more viruses and were more mobile. They had some immunity to the bugs they had already been exposed to for a few generations or more. The Native Americans did not have that luxury. It is possible they were exposed to new viruses in the Americas but the Europeans living in closely packed and unsanitary quarters, with domesticated animals, having inadequate medical treatment and with world wide trading networks may have had more opportunities and means than native Americans to pick up and transport viruses.

Considering the amount of death and suffering caused in Hawaii by the European childhood disease measles, a flu with low CFR in Europeans may have had a significantly higher CFR in Native Americans with little or no resistance.
 
Re: American wild birds with H5N1

Re: American wild birds with H5N1

Guerra : Columbus put 8 sows with flu in his ship from the Canaries.
Columbis himself got sick on Dec.1493 but recovered.
Cook ("born to die") doubts that it was flu.

Lovell "heavy shadows and dark night"
Lovell, W. George (1992). “'Heavy Shadows and Dark Night': Disease and
Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America”. Annals of the AAG 82 (3): 426-443.
http://geog.queensu.ca/faculty/lovell.asp

http://books.google.de/books?id=i85..._esc=y#v=onepage&q=guerra 1493 review&f=false


Influenza in America During the Sixteenth Century. Bulletin of the History of
Medicine. 8:296-302. McCary,. Ben C. 1957.

F. Webster McBryde, Influenza in America During the Sixteenth Century (Guatemala: 1523, 1559–62, 1576) [Notes and Comments], in: Bulletin of the History of Medicine 8, 1940, S. 296

http://usmex.ucsd.edu/assets/022/10125.pdf
 
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