Giuseppe
Emeritus
[Source: American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, full text: (LINK). Abstract, edited.]
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Influenza Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Caspase-12?Dependent Apoptosis, and c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase?Mediated Transforming Growth Factor?β Release in Lung Epithelial Cells
Elle C. Roberson<SUP>1</SUP>,<SUP>2</SUP>, Jane E. Tully<SUP>1</SUP>, Amy S. Guala<SUP>1</SUP>, Jessica N. Reiss<SUP>1</SUP>, Karolyn E. Godburn<SUP>1</SUP>, Derek A. Pociask<SUP>4</SUP>, John F. Alcorn<SUP>5</SUP>, David W. H. Riches<SUP>6</SUP>, Oliver Dienz<SUP>3</SUP>, Yvonne M. W. Janssen-Heininger<SUP>1</SUP> and Vikas Anathy<SUP>1</SUP>
Author Affiliations: <SUP>1</SUP>Department of Pathology <SUP>2</SUP>Honors College, and <SUP>3</SUP>Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington Vermont <SUP>4</SUP>Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana <SUP>5</SUP>Children?s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and <SUP>6</SUP>Program in Cell Biology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
Correspondence and requests for reprints should be addressed to Vikas Anathy, Ph.D., Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, HSRF Building, Room 216, Burlington, VT 05405. E-mail: vikas.anathy@uvm.edu
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection is known to induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, Fas-dependent apoptosis, and TGF-β production in a variety of cells. However, the relationship between these events in murine primary tracheal epithelial cells (MTECS), which are considered one of the primary sites of IAV infection and replication, is unclear. We show that IAV infection induced ER stress marker activating transcription factor?6 and endoplasmic reticulum protein 57-kD (ERp57), but not C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). In contrast, the ER stress inducer thapsigargin (THP) increased CHOP. IAV infection activated caspases and apoptosis, independently of Fas and caspase-8, in MTECs. Instead, apoptosis was mediated by caspase-12. A decrease in ERp57 attenuated the IAV burden and decreased caspase-12 activation and apoptosis in epithelial cells. TGF-β production was enhanced in IAV?infected MTECs, compared with THP or staurosporine. IAV infection caused the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Furthermore, IAV-induced TGF-β production required the presence of JNK1, a finding that suggests a role for JNK1 in IAV-induced epithelial injury and subsequent TGF-β production. These novel findings suggest a potential mechanistic role for a distinct ER stress response induced by IAV, and a profibrogenic/repair response in contrast to other pharmacological inducers of ER stress. These responses may also have a potential role in acute lung injury, fibroproliferative acute respiratory distress syndrome, and the recently identified H1N1 influenza?induced exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Wedzicha JA. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2004;1:115?120) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (Umeda Y, et al. Int Med 2010;49:2333?2336).
Keywords: ER stress - influenza A virus ? ATF6 ? ERp57 - TGF-β
Footnotes
-Elle C. Roberson<SUP>1</SUP>,<SUP>2</SUP>, Jane E. Tully<SUP>1</SUP>, Amy S. Guala<SUP>1</SUP>, Jessica N. Reiss<SUP>1</SUP>, Karolyn E. Godburn<SUP>1</SUP>, Derek A. Pociask<SUP>4</SUP>, John F. Alcorn<SUP>5</SUP>, David W. H. Riches<SUP>6</SUP>, Oliver Dienz<SUP>3</SUP>, Yvonne M. W. Janssen-Heininger<SUP>1</SUP> and Vikas Anathy<SUP>1</SUP>
Author Affiliations: <SUP>1</SUP>Department of Pathology <SUP>2</SUP>Honors College, and <SUP>3</SUP>Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington Vermont <SUP>4</SUP>Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana <SUP>5</SUP>Children?s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and <SUP>6</SUP>Program in Cell Biology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
Correspondence and requests for reprints should be addressed to Vikas Anathy, Ph.D., Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, HSRF Building, Room 216, Burlington, VT 05405. E-mail: vikas.anathy@uvm.edu
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection is known to induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, Fas-dependent apoptosis, and TGF-β production in a variety of cells. However, the relationship between these events in murine primary tracheal epithelial cells (MTECS), which are considered one of the primary sites of IAV infection and replication, is unclear. We show that IAV infection induced ER stress marker activating transcription factor?6 and endoplasmic reticulum protein 57-kD (ERp57), but not C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). In contrast, the ER stress inducer thapsigargin (THP) increased CHOP. IAV infection activated caspases and apoptosis, independently of Fas and caspase-8, in MTECs. Instead, apoptosis was mediated by caspase-12. A decrease in ERp57 attenuated the IAV burden and decreased caspase-12 activation and apoptosis in epithelial cells. TGF-β production was enhanced in IAV?infected MTECs, compared with THP or staurosporine. IAV infection caused the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Furthermore, IAV-induced TGF-β production required the presence of JNK1, a finding that suggests a role for JNK1 in IAV-induced epithelial injury and subsequent TGF-β production. These novel findings suggest a potential mechanistic role for a distinct ER stress response induced by IAV, and a profibrogenic/repair response in contrast to other pharmacological inducers of ER stress. These responses may also have a potential role in acute lung injury, fibroproliferative acute respiratory distress syndrome, and the recently identified H1N1 influenza?induced exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Wedzicha JA. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2004;1:115?120) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (Umeda Y, et al. Int Med 2010;49:2333?2336).
Keywords: ER stress - influenza A virus ? ATF6 ? ERp57 - TGF-β
Footnotes
- This work was supported by grant HL079331 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood institute, a National Institutes of Health?American Recovery and Reinvestment Act supplementary grant (Y.M.W.J.-H.), Parker B. Francis Foundation Fellowship (J.F.A.), an Undergraduate Research Endeavors Competitive Awards Fellowship from the University of Vermont (E.C.R.), and support from Immunobiology Center of Biomedical Research Excellence No. P20 RR021905-05 NIH/NCRR.
- This article has an online supplement, which is accessible from this issue?s table of contents at www.atsjournals.org
- Originally Published in Press as DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0460OC on July 28, 2011
- Author disclosures are available with the text of this article at www.atsjournals.org.
- Received November 6, 2010.
- Accepted July 20, 2011.
- Copyright ? 2012 by the American Thoracic Society
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