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  • Anthrax outbreak in Britain

    http://www.utvlive.com/newsroom/inde...?id=72659&pt=n
    They were investigating whether the death of two cows at a farm in Rhondda Cynon Taff, south Wales, was linked to an outbreak which killed seven cattle 35 years ago.


    Officials imposed safety restrictions on Ynys-Gau Farm, Gwaelod-y-Garth, near Cardiff, today.
    <SCRIPT language=JavaScript src="http://ad.doubleclick.net/adj/utv.internet/news;tile=1;sz=300x250;ord=467444121.837616?"></SCRIPT>
    Wales`s Chief Veterinary Officer Dr Christianne Glossop told BBC Wales that apart from the two confirmed cases, tests showed four other cows that died on the farm did not have the disease.

    She said: "We know that the spores can live in the ground for long periods of time so it is possible that it is linked to the seven cattle that died 35 years ago, but that in itself shows you that the spores can lie dormant and not cause problems for long periods of time."

    She added: "If it is the same source of anthrax, something has disturbed it in recent weeks or months.

    "That is what we are going to try and understand today, but we will keep restrictions in place until we are satisfied that we have the disease completely contained and that no other animals are going down with infection."

    The carcasses of the cows with anthrax have been burnt on site and the ashes disposed of in secure conditions in accordance with the Anthrax Order 1991.

    Carcasses from other cattle to die on the farm since April were incinerated and staff working at the incineration sites have been advised of health and safety procedures.

    It is understood no animal from the farm entered the human food chain in the past year.

    Anthrax is a rapid disease and an animal that contracted it would not be sent for slaughter because it would be obviously ill, the Welsh Assembly Government said.

    It is highly infectious and contagious. Some animals may only have a mild reaction, but it is typically seen as an acute disease - especially in cattle - and often results in sudden death without any apparent symptoms.

    Ante-mortem checks carried out by the Meat Hygiene Service provide an additional safeguard to the health status of meat going into the food chain.

    The last case of the infection in Britain was in 2002 on a farm in Wrexham, north Wales.

    Farming unions said there was no need for the public to be alarmed by the discovery of anthrax.

    The Farmers` Union of Wales (FUW) said it was satisfied the Assembly Government had dealt with the incident swiftly.

    FUW spokesman Alan Morris said: "It`s quite possible that the spores have lain dormant until now.

    "And I think one of the things that`s being looked at is that they have been disturbed in some way, either by ploughing or building."

    He said farmers would be concerned about the presence of the disease, but safety measures meant it was unlikely to spread to neighbouring farms.

    "It`s bad news for farming, but it`s good news that the safety net has worked," he said.

    "The fact that this was picked up as anthrax proves that the early-warning system works."

    National Farmers` Union Cymru president Dai Davies said: "Any occurrence of anthrax is of great concern to us, but as far as this is concerned there seems to be a historic link to it."

    Mr Davies added: "Historically there hasn`t been a major problem of anthrax spreading from one farm to another.

    "Normally it has been isolated cases that the veterinary profession was able to cope with.

    "It`s a sad situation for the farmer to find himself in.

    "But from what we have been told it was beyond his control. If the farm has been affected from other sources, as we know here it has, it`s just unfortunate that his farm happened to be in the wrong place."

  • #2
    Re: Anthrax outbreak in Britain

    "...was linked to an outbreak which killed seven cattle 35 years ago..."

    This is getting ridiculous.

    Comment


    • #3
      Re: Anthrax outbreak in Britain

      Originally posted by DB
      "...was linked to an outbreak which killed seven cattle 35 years ago..."

      This is getting ridiculous.
      Not ridiculous at all. Dormant anthrax spores are well know to last for many decades in the soil.

      Comment


      • #4
        Re: Anthrax outbreak in Britain

        I know that they can lay dormant but before they even know what has happened they are throwing out the "linked to anthrax 35 years ago".

        What is ridiculous is the speculation that they get away with.

        Not that anthrax could reappear.

        Comment


        • #5
          Re: Anthrax outbreak in Britain

          They were investigating whether the death of two cows at a farm in Rhondda Cynon Taff, south Wales, was linked to an outbreak which killed seven cattle 35 years ago.

          A link to an old outbreak is certainly possible. It is some thing that needs to be investigated.
          I am sure they will consider H5N1 as well since in 1918 H1N1 was sometimes mistaken for anthrax.
          The question is will the truth be told.
          Last edited by Sally Furniss; April 25, 2006, 07:36 PM.

          Comment


          • #6
            Re: Anthrax outbreak in Britain

            It's common in certain parts of Texas....been in the soil a long time. Goat ranchers there must exercise care when they get the cutaneous version.

            .
            "The next major advancement in the health of American people will be determined by what the individual is willing to do for himself"-- John Knowles, Former President of the Rockefeller Foundation

            Comment


            • #7
              Re: Anthrax outbreak in Britain

              Here are old cases of anthrax in the UK (1994, 1996).
              <center>Anthrax outbreak casts shadow over homes site</center>

              BY MICHAEL HORNSBY ...The Times: Britain:July 22 1996 FEARS of an outbreak of anthrax caused by spores that have lain dormant for decades is delaying the start of a major housing development. Spores of the anthrax bacteria, lying inert in the soil, are thought to have been disturbed by ditch-dredging work on Storridge Farm, near Westbury in Wiltshire, where three cattle have died of the disease since early June.
              Anthrax is one of the deadliest and oldest diseases known to man. It can infect human beings as well as livestock and, although it is extremely rare in Britain, in its most severe form is nearly always fatal if not treated promptly with antibiotics.
              Local people fear that the spores might have been carried along a stream from an abandoned leather works on the outskirts of Westbury, where infected hides are said to have been buried in the past. The farm is about a mile- and-a-half downstream from the works. The former tannery is on a 50-acre site, mostly now farmland, that has been earmarked for development. West Wiltshire District Council is considering a proposal to build 800 homes, a superstore and a primary school.
              Alison Irving, a Liberal Democrat councillor who lives near the old tannery, said: "Local residents are worried that once construction workers start disturbing the site, they could release anthrax spores that have been lying dormant up to now." Concern voiced by Mrs Irving led the council's plan ning committee to defer a decision on the housing scheme and to ask Persimmon Homes, the development company, to analyse soil and water at the site.
              David Bardwell, the council's principal environmental officer, said: "We are aware of the site's history and we need to be sure that it is safe for development." He added: "The developers need to be satisfied, too, because their employees would be most at risk." The managing director of Persimmon Homes, Clive Drinkwater, said: "We are in the process of appointing consultants to investigate and report back on the condition of the land. We will then agree with the local authority any work which may need to be undertaken."
              There is pressure to develop the site as the council has been allocated 11,000 of the 65,000 houses that the Department of the Environment says Wiltshire must provide by 2011. It is government policy to devel op old industrial sites where possible.
              The leather works, which dates from the last century and once employed 200 people, went out of business in 1983 and is a wasteland of broken-down buildings and rusting machinery. In the 1950s, a cluster of anthrax cattle deaths occurred on farms either side of Biss Brook, which runs through the former tannery. There are records showing that the owners paid farmers compensation for the animals.
              Former workers at the tan nery say that in the immediate postwar years, imported foreign hides often came with an anthrax warning. One who worked at the plant from 1946 to 1981 remembers two mild cases among employees.
              Until the latest outbreak at Storridge Farm, no case of anthrax among cattle had been reported in the area for more than 20 years. It is thought the farmer may have disturbed old anthrax spores while dredging a ditch and spread them unwittingly over adjacent pasture where cattle were grazing.
              <hr> <center>Anthrax found in Wiltshire cow herd </center>

              The Times: Britain: July 6 1996 ANTHRAX, the virulent bacterial disease, has been confirmed in two cows on a farm near Westbury, Wiltshire, the Ministry of Agriculture disclosed yesterday. The farm, which has not been identified, is three miles downstream from a disused tannery where local people say infected hides had been buried more than 30 years ago. The site has been earmarked for a housing development. "It is thought that the farmer may have brought anthrax spores to the surface while digging a field close to the river bank," a Ministry spokesman said.
              Anthrax was diagnosed in the first cow on June 10 and in the second on July 1. The disease may be characterised by high fever and diarrhoea but often the animal dies suddenly without showing any signs of sickness. Infection is usually through food or water. Two or three cases of anthrax are notified to the ministry every year. The Wiltshire outbreak is the first this year. Any animal that gets the disease must be burnt and the affected farms quarantined and disinfected.
              In November 1994, three cows on a farm in Gloucestershire were infected by anthrax spores thought to have been left in the soil after another animal with the disease had been buried there 52 years ago. Even burial in quicklime is not sufficient to destroy the spores.
              In 1942 a canister containing anthrax was exploded over Gruinard Island off northwest Scotland as part of a Second World War experiment in biological warfare. The Ministry of Defence declared the island safe for crofters to return only in 1988, after a two-year decontamination programme.

              Comment


              • #8
                Re: Anthrax outbreak in Britain

                Since I've been reading In the Wake of the Plague: The Black Death & The World it Made by Norman F. Cantor tonight and just came across this bit about anthrax, I'll excerpt a bit of it here. I think he is talking about the same Scottish island:

                Anthrax spores buried in the ground remain active for half a century or more as extremely toxic for humans. During WWII both German and Allied biomedical scientists developed anthrax to use in germ warfare. It was employed by neither side in the end, but the Allies tested their variety on an island off the Scottish coast. Fifty years after the war live spores buried in the ground there were discovered and the inhabitants of the island had to be evacuated.

                Some modern researchers, Cantor goes on to explain, believe that it was anthrax that co-circulated with plague in the years of the Black Death and that physcians of the time were not able to distinguish between the similar but separate diseases:

                Both anthrax and bubonic plague begin with similar flu-like symptoms, and the two diseases could have been conflated by contemporary doctors. And if it is not hard to perceive how this anthrax-based plague - if Twigg's (the primary researcher supporting this theory) theory is correct - could have been spread. As Europeans cleared forests for more arable land in the thirteenth century, they did not attenuate their passion for red meat, even though the supply of wild game diminished with the forest clearing. There was an enormous increase in cattle ranching, raising of herds of beef cattle in congested conditions both on the great open ranges of northern England and the small pasturages in the southern farmlands.

                Before the widespread immunizing inoculation of cattle herds in the 1950's, infectious epidemics of anthrax murrain (cattle disease) were a constant threat in cattle ranches in the transatlantic world.......What is most puzzling about the Black Death of the fourteenth century is its very rapid dissemination, a quality more characteristic of a cattle disease than a rodent-disseminated one.

                That cattle were ravaged by these epidemics is certain. The question remains whether a natural anthrax mutant could be communicated to humans. The answer appears to be in the affirmative. Eating tainted meat from sick herds of cattle was a form of transmission to humans...


                Sorry - I know I've gone off topic here with the last bit. I just thought it was interesting.

                Comment


                • #9
                  Re: Anthrax outbreak in Britain

                  Promed: http://www.promedmail.org/pls/askus/..._ID:1000,32753
                  ANTHRAX, BOVINE - UNITED KINGDOM (WALES)
                  ************************************************
                  A ProMED-mail post
                  <http://www.promedmail.org>
                  ProMED-mail is a program of the
                  International Society for Infectious Diseases
                  <http://www.isid.org>

                  From: Pablo Nart <pablo.nart@terra.es>, Dr Keith C Marshall
                  <kcm@cix.co.uk>, and Andrea Jones <agency@hjones-sons.co.uk>
                  Date: Sun, 23 Apr 2006 18:07:29 +0000
                  Source: BBC
                  http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/4936592.stm


                  Two cows die of anthrax on farm
                  ----------------------------
                  Two cows have died of anthrax on a beef farm in south Wales, it has
                  been confirmed by the assembly government. Tests were carried out on
                  the unnamed farm in Rhondda Cynon Taf after the sudden death of 5
                  cows in April. The assembly government said all 5 carcasses had been
                  burnt on site to ensure there was no risk to the public.

                  The anthrax was discovered through routine testing. It is the 1st
                  case in Britain since 2002, when a cow died at a farm in Wrexham.

                  An assembly government spokeswoman confirmed the farm in the latest
                  cases had once tested positive for anthrax 35 years ago. Anthrax
                  spores can persist in the environment, notably soil, for years. The
                  small farm has been sealed off, with the remaining herd of suckler
                  cows confined to their field while tests continue.

                  Chief veterinary officer for Wales Dr Christianne Glossop said: "The
                  assembly government and state veterinary service have worked quickly
                  to ensure that there is no threat from anthrax to the public, farmers
                  or any other livestock in Rhondda Cynon Taff. Officials are liaising
                  with the Environment Agency and medical authorities to ensure that
                  all necessary precautions are being taken. Anthrax is very rare - it
                  last occurred in Wales in 2002. We are working to trace the source of
                  the current outbreak."

                  In a statement, the assembly government said no cattle from the farm
                  had been sent for food for almost 12 months.

                  The Food Standards Agency has been informed of the outbreak.

                  The 2002 outbreak in Wrexham was considered to be a sporadic incident
                  on a farm which had 3 anthrax cases in the previous 2 decades. There
                  was also a case in cattle in Clwyd in 1992 and pigs were confirmed
                  with the disease at a farm in Wrexham in 1989.

                  Alan Morris, a spokesman for the Farmers' Union of Wales, said there
                  was no need for the public to be anxious. He said: "We are satisfied
                  that the contingency plans put in place are working very, very
                  effectively. We are pleased that the disease was identified quickly."

                  --
                  ProMED-mail
                  <promed@promedmail.org>

                  [A number of comments: Firstly, while the major tenor of the
                  government response is to calm fears, there is a suspicion of a
                  present lack of experience. For example: "The small farm has been
                  sealed off, with the remaining herd of suckler cows confined to their
                  field while tests continue." Quarantine is routine for a limited
                  period after vaccination, usually 14 to 21 days, but why not mention
                  vaccination and exactly what tests on the suckler cows? Or are they
                  attempting soil sampling? If the latter, I wish them good luck as it
                  is much harder than many realise even with modern techniques. And I
                  do hope that they vaccinated those cows.

                  Secondly, the pattern of UK anthrax outbreaks in the past 25 years is
                  essentially no longer from contaminated livestock feed --- the
                  Wrexham pigs were a notable exception --- but usually occur following
                  an environmental disturbance, such as trenching, bulldozing, or river
                  dredging, disturbing buried spores at cattle grave sites or occur in
                  relation to mills & tanneries that handled contaminated imported hair
                  & hides. This is a common epidemiologic pattern once an area is
                  considered to be in a true sporadic state epidemiologically.

                  Thirdly: About 18 months ago, with Peter Durr's help & assistance, I
                  attempted a file review of the past 100 outbreaks in the UK. We got
                  about 25 replies and then it dried up as the regional Defra chiefs
                  refused to recall the files from their archives. Two dozen survey
                  docs do not an hypothesis challenge. If Defra would like me to
                  continue and participate, please contact me.

                  Lastly: by the nature of this disease it is frankly hard to find a
                  farm that has not had an outbreak in the past 100 years. Thus the
                  observation that it has "recurred" proves nothing. If one could plot
                  where recurrences are truly probable, one might then come up with
                  some soil parameters favouring spore survival, other than the usual
                  high calcium levels combined with high pH and presence of organic
                  matter in the soil.

                  At one time the UK had some 425 outbreaks each year over the course
                  of decades thanks to contaminated feed. Once this was cleaned up, the
                  rate dropped precipitously to the present situation when years go by
                  without cases. It is now frankly a rare event subject to specific
                  trigger events and as time goes by, it will potentially become even
                  rarer, as spores are not immortal and can also lose their plasmids
                  over time. Otherwise we would be vaccinating cattle annually in
                  Europe & North America. We don't. And we have a situation where
                  livestock veterinarians are ignorant of the disease (not having seen
                  much of it during their careers), which delays recognition. This is
                  further exaggerated in the UK where far too many farmers are now too
                  poor to regularly employ a veterinarian. This Welsh outbreak is a
                  good example as 5 cows had to die before it was diagnosed.

                  I am mildly puzzled at the timing. April is early for this disease in
                  the UK for it to be due to environmental exposure; theoretically
                  dirty feed is available year round. But without details one can only
                  muse about possible sources. And before anyone comes up with claims
                  of Lazarus spores, my colleague & good friend Peter Turnbull once
                  investigated an outbreak in Dorset, southern England, where some 5-6
                  steers were affected from a cow buried some 60 plus years previously;
                  Peter located the grave in the pasture and showed the presence of
                  viable spores in the surface soil. - Mod.MHJ]

                  [The below "see also" list is a selection of anthrax outbreaks in the
                  USA, Canada, Europe and Australia posted on ProMED-mail through the
                  years. It is not the "complete collection" but rather a sampling to
                  demonstrate how anthrax continues to be a sporadic problem in
                  developed countries, in keeping with the moderator comment above by
                  Mod.MHJ. - Mod.MPP]

                  [see also:
                  Anthrax, human, livestock - Italy: background 20060128.0275
                  Anthrax, human, livestock - Italy (Bolzano) 20060127.0265
                  2005
                  -----
                  Anthrax, bovine - USA (MT)(02) 20050917.2752
                  Anthrax, bovine - USA (MT) 20050916.2737
                  Anthrax, bovine - USA (ND)(04) 20050804.2267
                  Anthrax, bovine - USA (ND) 20050709.1947
                  2001
                  ----
                  Anthrax, human - USA (North Dakota): 2000 20010817.1944
                  2000
                  ----
                  Anthrax, cattle - USA (North Dakota) (02) 20000831.1457
                  Anthrax, cattle - USA (North Dakota) 20000802.1291
                  Anthrax, bison, bovine - USA (SD)(02) 0050729.2211
                  Anthrax, bison, bovine - USA (SD) 20050724.2130
                  Anthrax, bovine - Canada (MB) 20050728.2197
                  Anthrax, cervidae, livestock - USA (TX) 20050709.1944
                  2004
                  ----
                  Anthrax, bovine - USA (SD) 20040731.2090
                  Anthrax, bovine - Finland (02) 20041105.2995
                  Anthrax, bovine - Finland 20041104.2991
                  Anthrax, human, livestock - Italy (Basilicata) (02) 20041009.2768
                  Anthrax, human, livestock - Italy (Basilicata) 20040930.2699
                  Anthrax, ovine - Australia (NSW) 20040924.2638
                  Anthrax, bovine, deer - USA (TX) (02) 20040829.2415
                  Anthrax, bovine, deer - USA (TX) 20040812.2231
                  Anthrax, cattle - Australia (VIC)(02) 20040324.0820
                  Anthrax, cattle - Australia (VIC) 20040317.0744
                  Anthrax, bovine - Canada (SK) (02) 20040131.0366
                  Anthrax, bovine - Canada (SK) 20040129.0343
                  2003
                  ----
                  Anthrax, cattle - USA (SD) (02) 20030911.2287
                  Anthrax, cattle - USA (South Dakota) 20030817.2067
                  Anthrax, cattle - Canada (Manitoba) 20030818.2073
                  2002
                  ----
                  Anthrax, cattle - USA (South Dakota) 20020910.5275
                  Anthrax, human & livestock - USA (South Dakota) 20020711.4729
                  Anthrax, bison - USA (South Dakota) 20020628.4629
                  Anthrax, cattle - Australia (Victoria) (05) 021126.5899
                  Anthrax, cattle - Australia (Victoria) 20020425.4027
                  Anthrax, livestock - Australia (Queensland) (03) 20020112.3231
                  Anthrax, livestock - Australia (Queensland) 20020109.3209
                  Anthrax, human - United Kingdom 20020910.5277
                  Anthrax, deer - USA (Texas) 20020915.5322
                  2001
                  ----
                  Anthrax, bison - USA (South Dakota) 20010831.2078
                  Anthrax, cattle - USA (California) 20011031.2686
                  Anthrax, cattle - USA (Minnesota) (02) 20010707.1303
                  Anthrax, cattle - USA (Minnesota) (05) 20010804.1535
                  2000
                  ------
                  Anthrax, cattle - USA (Minnesota) 20000803.1299
                  Anthrax, cattle - USA (Minnesota) (03) 20000829.1448
                  Anthrax, cattle - USA (N. Central) & Canada (Manitoba) 20000822.1401
                  Anthrax, cattle - USA (North Dakota) 20000802.1291
                  Anthrax, cattle - USA (North Dakota) (02) 20000831.1457
                  Anthrax, livestock - USA (Nevada) 20000820.1383
                  Anthrax, livestock - USA (Nevada) (02) 20000908.1545

                  1999
                  ----
                  Anthrax, cattle - USA (Montana) (02) 19990528.0899
                  Anthrax, cattle - USA (Montana) 19990528.0895
                  1998
                  -----
                  Anthrax, cattle - USA (New Mexico) (03) 19981115.2207
                  Anthrax risk, use of horse hair in construction - UK 19980405.0630
                  Anthrax - USA (North Dakota) 19980728.1432]
                  Anthrax, human - Australia (Queensland) (02) 19980808.1546
                  Anthrax, human - Australia (Queensland) 19980807.1540
                  1997
                  -----
                  Anthrax - UK (Scotland) (03) 19970905.1913
                  Anthrax - UK (Scotland) (02) 9970826.1799
                  Anthrax - UK (Scotland) 19970821.1751
                  Anthrax - USA (South Dakota, Texas) 19970821.1753]
                  Anthrax - Australia (Victoria) (09) 19970603.1144
                  Anthrax - Australia (Victoria) 19970211.0332]</pre>

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