Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

[HenryN]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

For H274Y emergence and fixing in seasonal flu, the story is in the sequences from H1N1 from hosts not taking Tamiflu. It started on clade 2C in China, then went to clade 1 in the US and UK, then went to early 2B in Hawaii, then went to a clade 2B subset with NA D354G and was fixed with HA A193T.

It's all about hitch hiking and recombination.

[HenryN]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

http://www.ketv.com/news/18452923/detail.html

POSTED: 9:47 am CST January 10, 2009
UPDATED: 9:57 am CST January 10, 2009

OMAHA, Neb. -- With a difficult strain of influenza hitting the United States this year and the first confirmed case hitting Nebraska, experts said it's not too late for people to protect themselves with flu shots.
Dr. Daniel Pearson of Alegent Health said it will take awhile for this year's flu to become widespread in Nebraska.
The vaccine is available through an injection or nasal spray and supplies of both are widely available this year. The shots can be used on anyone who's at least 6 months old. The nasal spray is approved for use after the age of 2. Both are equally effective, Pearson said.
The symptoms of influenza are similar to those of the common cold with a notable exception.
"(There's) definitely a cough, definitely high fever, definitely body aches. Those are the main symptoms," Pearson said. "The thing that sets it apart from the common cold is its more rapid onset. Usually, one day you feel fine and the next day you feel lousy."
The most common flu strain this year is resistant to the popular flu treatment drug Tamiflu.
Health officials said there are other treatment options, but prevention is the best thing to do. Some patients have taken up to two weeks to recover from this year's flu strain.

[Giuseppe]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

Some patients have taken up to two weeks to recover from this year's flu strain.

Adding an alleged longer duration of this year flu illness is at this point completely premature.

People should take into account that illness duration is not fixed by law and children, people with underlying health conditions, the elderly, those are recovering for surgery or injuries could have further days of bed after flu-like illness bout.

I personally remind that when I was a kid, flu cannot leave me in less than two weeks and sometimes the illness returned brief pause...

This circumstantial commentaries should be taken with caution, since the fanfare around the former-best selling 'miracle-drug-tamiflu' is only at the beginning...

[HenryN]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

Adding an alleged longer duration of this year flu illness is at this point completely premature.

People should take into account that illness duration is not fixed by law and children, people with underlying health conditions, the elderly, those are recovering for surgery or injuries could have further days of bed after flu-like illness bout.

I personally remind that when I was a kid, flu cannot leave me in less than two weeks and sometimes the illness returned brief pause...

This circumstantial commentaries should be taken with caution, since the fanfare around the former-best selling 'miracle-drug-tamiflu' is only at the beginning...

The latest sub-clade closed 10 elementary schools in Sendai, Japan which led to the NIH (Japan) involvement in October, 2008.

http://precedings.nature.com/documents/385/version/1#comments

[HenryN]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

Adding an alleged longer duration of this year flu illness is at this point completely premature.

People should take into account that illness duration is not fixed by law and children, people with underlying health conditions, the elderly, those are recovering for surgery or injuries could have further days of bed after flu-like illness bout.

I personally remind that when I was a kid, flu cannot leave me in less than two weeks and sometimes the illness returned brief pause...

This circumstantial commentaries should be taken with caution, since the fanfare around the former-best selling 'miracle-drug-tamiflu' is only at the beginning...

H1N1 (I assume Tamiflu resistant) just exploded in South Korea

http://dis.cdc.go.kr/Influenza/download/200852%20Influenza%20Weekly%20Report.pdf

[HenryN]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0><TBODY><TR><TD>Earliest Flu Strains Are Resistant to Tamiflu

Updated 11:45 AM CST, Sat, Jan 10, 2009
Related Topics:Tamiflu | Contagious and Infectious Diseases | Health and Fitness | Influenza | Medical Treatments and Procedures | Medicine | Vaccines | Cedric Spak






[IMG]http://media.nbcdfw.com/images/300*225/122008-tamiflu-p1.jpg[/IMG] Getty Images
The most common strain of the flu is resistant to the most widely used medicine to treat it.





The predominant strain of the flu this year is promising to be stronger than last years and one defense many had against it may be no longer effective.
When you hear the sounds of sneezing and sniffling, you know its that time of year again: flu season.
But, with the latest advances in medicine, the flu isn't such a dreaded illness anymore.
Dr. Cedric Spak, with Baylor Medical recommends Tamiflu. "The moment you develop symptoms if you take Tamiflu within 48 hours then it will reduce your symptoms of sort of the usual influenza like illness."
At least that's the way it used to be since the drug first hit pharmacy shelves.
"There was a lot of excitement when they came out with Tamiflu," Spak mentioned.
But this year's different.
According to Dr. John Carlo of Dallas County's Health and Human Services department, "this year what we've seen the early strains that have gone to the lab and have been tested are actually being resistant to a common anti-viral; Tamiflu."
Doctors tell us there is a similar drug to Tamiflu that may be effective called Relenza, though it's not recommended for children under the age of 7.
For this flu season, Carlo and Spak believe your best bet is the flu shot.
"Although they're worried that the medicine doesn't work well, the vaccine they're saying is highly effective this year," said Spak.
There's still time to get yourself protected -- flu season doesn't officially start until next month.





</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><!--Article End--><!--Bibliography Goes Here-->
<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0><TBODY><TR><TD> </TD></TR><TR><TD bgColor=#cccccc></TD></TR><TR><TD> </TD></TR><TR><TD></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<!--Bibliography End--><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0><TBODY><TR><TD class=font-cn> </TD></TR><TR><TD class=font-cn>Find this article at:

http://www.nbcdfw.com/health/tips_info/Earliest-Flu-Strains-Are-Resistant-to-Tamiflu.html

</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>

[HenryN]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/2009/01/10/3903613.htm

Doctor: New drug-resistant flu isn't reason to be concerned
(Messenger-Inquirer (Owensboro, KY) Via Acquire Media NewsEdge) Jan. 10--Doctors around the country have lost a useful tool in battling influenza, but it's not expected to be a devastating loss, said an Owensboro emergency physician.
In the past year, the Influenza A subtype H1N1 has developed a resistance to the drug oseltamivir, better known as Tamiflu, as reported by the news service Healthday, which spoke to officials with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta.

Dr. Bethany Burkhart, a specialist in emergency medicine at Owensboro Medical Health System, said it's not an unusual thing for disease-causing bugs to develop resistance to drugs.
"That's actually pretty good that it lasted that long without getting resistances, especially since viruses are more adept at becoming resistant than some bacteria," Burkhart said, noting that Tamiflu has been used in the United States since 1999. "Viruses mutate to try and beat the antiviral drugs. They're smarter than most people sometimes."

However, this new resistance isn't a reason for panic, Burkhart said. Tamiflu is just a supportive drug. Science hasn't yet found a way to cure viruses, even ones such as the common cold, but they have found ways to slow viruses down. Tamiflu also can only be used on someone who is in the first 24 to 48 hours of having the flu.
"It doesn't cure the flu. It shortens the duration of the illness and also sometimes lessens the symptoms," Burkhart said. "Yes, you've got the flu, yes, you're going to be miserable, but hopefully less miserable. It's more importantly used in populations at high risk."
With the elderly, infants, diabetics and those whose immune systems are compromised, a lessening of the flu can make a huge difference, Burkhart said.
"They're the ones most at risk for having bad outcomes or complications from the flu," Burkhart said.
Thus far, however, the flu isn't even showing up much on the radar screens, Burkhart said. OMHS has seen one confirmed case, in December.
In the meantime, Burkhart said people should just stick to the old standbys of good hygiene. Good hand washing is essential, and sharing of food utensils, drinking cups or bottles and close contact with someone who is sick are all no-nos.
"Key flu season is usually from December to March," Burkhart said. "We're just starting it. It could get much worse, but at this point we're not seeing tons of it. We're seeing more of the gastrointestinal illnesses.
"We've all been testing for it but we're not getting a lot of positives, so that's good for the local area."

[AlaskaDenise]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

For anyone wishing to follow the origins of tamiflu-resistance in human H1N1 as it spread through Europe & elsewhere last year (but it started far earlier), I?d suggest reviewing the following commentaries:

H5N1 Tamiflu Resistance Re-emerges in Egypt
Recombinomics Commentary 16:58
January 3, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/01030805/H5N1_N294S_Again.html

H1N1 Tamiflu Resistance in the United States in 2007
Recombinomics Commentary 03:11
January 29, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/01290802/H1N1_Tamiflu_US.html

H5N1 Tamiflu Blankets and Resistance in European H1N1Recombinomics Commentary 16:58
January 29, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/01290805/H5N1_Tamiflu_H1N1.html

H1N1 Tamiflu Resistance Rises in USRecombinomics Commentary 19:53
February 8, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/02080805/H1N1_H274Y_Rise_US.html

Concurrent Acquisition of Tamiflu H274Y on H1N1 SubcladesRecombinomics Commentary 15:26
February 15, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/02150801/H274Y_Concurrent.html

Tamiflu Resistance Explodes in Chicago
Recombinomics Commentary 18:59
February 16, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/02160803/Tamiflu_Chicago.html

Illinois Issues Health Alert Due To Tamiflu Resistance
Recombinomics Commentary 20:25
February 16, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/02160804/Illinois_Alert.html

Tamiflu Resistance Startles Influenza Experts
Recombinomics Commentary 15:55
February 17, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/02170801/Startled_Experts_H274Y.html

Widespread Tamiflu Resistance in Human H1N1 Matches H5N1
Recombinomics Commentary 14:24
January 30, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/01300804/H1N1_H274Y_H5N1.html

Early H1N1 Tamiflu Resistance in the United States
Recombinomics Commentary 15:43
March 4, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/03040803/H1N1_Tamiflu_US_Early.html

Tamiflu Resistance in H5N1 and H1N1
Recombinomics Commentary 16:34
March 4, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/03040804/H5N1_Tamiflu_H1N1_2.html

Independent Acquistions of Tamiflu Resistance in the US
Recombinomics Commentary 13:11
March 22, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/03220801/H274Y_US_Independent.html

Tamiflu Resistance Challenges Influenza Genetics Dogma
Recombinomics Commentary 01:49
March 23, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/03230801/H274Y_Dogma.html

Migration Route of Tamiflu Resistance to Scandinavia
Recombinomics Commentary 04:14
March 24, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/03240801/H274Y_Route.html

Tamiflu Resistance Increases Pandemic Concerns
Recombinomics Commentary 22:48
March 24, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/03240804/Tamiflu_Pandemic.html

Tamiflu Resistance in H1N1 in Turkey
Recombinomics Commentary 18:50
April 17, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/04170803/H274Y_Turkey.html

Tamiflu Resistance in England Exactly Matches United States
Recombinomics Commentary 14:55
April 19, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/04190802/H274Y_England.html

Tamiflu Resistance in Turkey Exactly Matches US and UK
Recombinomics Commentary 16:23
April 19, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/04190803/H274Y_Turkey_UK_US.html

H1N1 Tamiflu Resistance Linked to Brisbane Strain
Recombinomics Commentary 22:17
April 20, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/04200804/H274Y_Brisbane.html

H1N1 Tamiflu Resistance Linked to Brisbane Subclades
Recombinomics Commentary 12:20
April 21, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/04210801/H274Y_Brisbane_Clades.html

Curious Tamiflu Resistance in Florida
Recombinomics Commentary 23:30
May 21, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/05210804/H274Y_Florida.html

Fatal Tamiflu Resistant H1N1 Cases in The Netherlands
Recombinomics Commentary 12:58
May 23, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/05230801/H274Y_Fatal.html

Concurrent Acquisition of H274Y Tamiflu Resistance in Japan
Recombinomics Commentary 19:00
July 11, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/07110801/H274Y_Concurrent_Japan.html

H274Y Tamiflu Resistance Explodes in Tottori Japan
Recombinomics Commentary 22:15
July 11, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/07110802/H274Y_Concurrent_Tottori.html

Global Expansion of H274Y Tamiflu Resistance
Recombinomics Commentary 16:42
July 12, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/07120801/H274Y_Global.html

Evolution of H274Y Tamiflu Resistance Baffles Experts
Recombinomics Commentary 23:55
July 13, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/07130802/H274Y_Evolution.html

Emergence of H1N1 Tamiflu Resistance on Clade 2C In China
Recombinomics Commentary 13:53
July 17, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/07170802/H274Y_China.html

Emergence of H1N1 Relenza Resistance In Pennsylvania
Recombinomics Commentary 14:48
July 17, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/07170803/Q136K_PA.html

Vaccine Mismatch Drives H1N1 Tamiflu Resistance
Recombinomics Commentary 23:59
July 17, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/07170804/H274Y_Vaccine.html

H1N1 Tamiflu Resistance at 100% in South Africa
Recombinomics Commentary 23:50
July 18, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/07180802/H274Y_South_Africa_100.html

H1N1 Clade 2C Amantadine Resistance at 100% in United States?
Recombinomics Commentary 14:22
July 21, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/07210801/S31N_US_2C.html

Emergence of H1N1 Relenza Resistance In New Jersey?
Recombinomics Commentary 20:32
July 22, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/07220801/Q136R_NJ.html

Tamiflu Resistance in Recombined H1N1 in South Africa
Recombinomics Commentary 17:01
August 12, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/08120801/H274Y_SA_Recombinant.html

Coincident Tamiflu and Relenza Resistance Sequences in NJ
Recombinomics Commentary 12:36
August 15, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/08150801/Q136R_H274Y_NJ.html

100% H1N1 Tamiflu Resistance in Australia and South Africa
Recombinomics Commentary 21:44
August 21, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/08210802/H274Y_100_SA_Australia.html

Sequential Acquisition of Adjacent Vintage H1N1 Polymorphisms
Recombinomics Commentary 22:35
August 21, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/08210803/H1N1_Sequential_1940.html

Global Spread of H1N1 Tamiflu Resistance
Recombinomics Commentary 11:44
August 22, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/08220801/H274Y_Global.html

Recombination Drives Global Spread of H1N1 Tamiflu Resistance
Recombinomics Commentary 09:11
August 23, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/08230801/H274Y_Global_Recombination.html

Vaccine Mismatch Drives Spread of H1N1 Tamiflu Resistance
Recombinomics Commentary 19:51
August 25, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/08250801/H274Y_Mismatch_Spread.html

Dramatic Spread of H1N1 Tamiflu Resistance Puzzles Experts
Recombinomics Commentary 15:47
August 26, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/08260801/H274Y_Puzzle.html

H1N1 Tamiflu Resistance At 100% in Honduras and Guatemala?
Recombinomics Commentary 20:47
August 31, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/08310801/H274Y_Honduras_Guatemala.html

H1N1 Tamiflu Resistance Emergence and Evolution
Recombinomics Commentary 16:41
September 2, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/09020801/H274Y_Emergence_Evolution.html

Spread of H1N1 Tamiflu Resistance
Recombinomics Commentary 18:41
September 3, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/09030801/H274Y_Spread.html

Fatal H1N1 Tamiflu Resistance
Recombinomics Commentary 17:58
September 5, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/09050801/H274Y_Fatal.html

Spreading H1N1 Tamiflu Resistance in Australia?
Recombinomics Commentary 19:25
September 5, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/09050802/H274Y_Australia_Spread.html

H1N1 Tamiflu Resistance Spread Through Southern Hemisphere
Recombinomics Commentary 13:26
September 24, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/09240801/H274Y_Southern.html

New Trivalent Vaccine Targets H1N1 Tamiflu Resistance
Recombinomics Commentary 14:33
September 24, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/09240802/H274Y_Trivalent.html

Increases in H1N1 Tamiflu and Relenza Resistance?
Recombinomics Commentary 20:58
September 25, 2008

http://www.recombinomics.com/News/09250801/H274Y_Q136K_Increase.html

There are many more articles in 2008 - no surprises here. See:

http://www.recombinomics.com/whats_new.html

[HenryN]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

<TABLE cellSpacing=5 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0><TBODY><TR><TD vAlign=bottom align=left>More HK cases of flu resistant to Tamiflu

</TD></TR><TR><TD vAlign=bottom align=left>

</TD></TR><TR><TD bgColor=#999999 height=1></TD></TR><TR vAlign=top><TD>Mary Ann Benitez
Jan 11, 2009 </TD></TR><TR><TD>Cases of Tamiflu-resistant influenza are increasing in Hong Kong as they have been in the United States, early on in the peak flu season, the city's top disease expert says....</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>

http://www.scmp.com/portal/site/SCMP/menuitem.2af62ecb329d3d7733492d9253a0a0a0/?vgnextoid=e90b5c01371ce110VgnVCM100000360a0a0aRCRD&ss=Hong+Kong&s=News

[HenryN]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

It's Not Too Late To Prevent The Flu

This Year's Strain Carries Slow Recovery Time



TheOmahaChannel.com
updated 1 hour, 55 minutes ago<SCRIPT language=javascript> function UpdateTimeStamp(pdt) { var n = document.getElementById("udtD"); if(pdt != '' && n && window.DateTime) { var dt = new DateTime(); pdt = dt.T2D(pdt); if(dt.GetTZ(pdt)) {n.innerHTML = dt.D2S(pdt,((''.toLowerCase()=='false')?false:true ));} } } UpdateTimeStamp('633672334290000000');</SCRIPT>

OMAHA, Neb. - With a difficult strain of influenza hitting the United States this year and the first confirmed case hitting Nebraska, experts said it's not too late for people to protect themselves with flu shots.
Dr. Daniel Pearson of Alegent Health said it will take awhile for this year's flu to become widespread in Nebraska.
The vaccine is available through an injection or nasal spray and supplies of both are widely available this year. The shots can be used on anyone who's at least 6 months old. The nasal spray is approved for use after the age of 2. Both are equally effective, Pearson said.

The symptoms of influenza are similar to those of the common cold with a notable exception.
"(There's) definitely a cough, definitely high fever, definitely body aches. Those are the main symptoms," Pearson said. "The thing that sets it apart from the common cold is its more rapid onset. Usually, one day you feel fine and the next day you feel lousy."
The most common flu strain this year is resistant to the popular flu treatment drug Tamiflu.
Health officials said there are other treatment options, but prevention is the best thing to do. Some patients have taken up to two weeks to recover from this year's flu strain.
Rick Walden, 30, said he got his first flu shot since childhood at an Alegent Quick Care facility on Saturday.
"I just keep hearing, 'You've got to get a flu shot. You've got to get a flu shot.'" he said. "Flu is spreading in this area, so I figured, better late than never."
Alegent said it has administered more than 4,000 flu shots at Quick Care facilities since October.

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28591304/

[HenryN]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

http://kaaltv.com/article/stories/S738527.shtml?cat=10226

<TABLE class=Story cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=1 width="100%" border=0><TBODY><TR><TD class=PublishDate>Posted at: 01/10/2009 10:40:27 PM
</TD></TR><TR><TD class=PublishDate>Updated at: 01/10/2009 10:58:50 PM
</TD></TR><TR><TD class=articleName>Mutated Flu Strain Shows Vaccine Resistance </TD></TR><TR><TD class=articleName> </TD></TR><TR><TD class=articleIntro>(ABC 6 NEWS) -- This year's flu strain is resistant to Tamiflu.

Doctors say Tamiflu is usually the leading treatment, but this year, it's not working.
Health experts say it did work against the strain that spread last year, but now 99% of Flu cases they see, are not responding to it.
"This is unnerving. It's not as though we overused Tamiflu, but there was a mutation and all of a sudden this strain became the dominant strain all over the country,? said Dr. William Schaffner of the Vanderbilt University Medical Center.
There's no shortage of Flu vaccine, and the other common treatment for the Flu, called Ralenza, is still available, but only as an inhaler.
</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>

[AlaskaDenise]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

Regarding the development of human H1N1 tamifu resistance:

IF we assume it started by recombining during a dual infection of H1N1 with tamiflu-resistant H5N1, in areas where tamiflu-balnkets were applied, must that dual infection have occured in a human? It would seem that the human would have gotten quite sick from the H5N1, so why not a dual infection of a pig or poultry?

They could have passed the H1N1, now carrying the H274Y mutation to a human host.

H1N1 was known to persist in poultry between 1956 and 1977, when it reappeared in humans. See: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/19...3)_475-477.pdf

.

[HenryN]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

Regarding the development of human H1N1 tamifu resistance:

IF we assume it started by recombining during a dual infection of H1N1 with tamiflu-resistant H5N1, in areas where tamiflu-balnkets were applied, must that dual infection have occured in a human? It would seem that the human would have gotten quite sick from the H5N1, so why not a dual infection of a pig or poultry?

They could have passed the H1N1, now carrying the H274Y mutation to a human host.

H1N1 was known to persist in poultry between 1956 and 1977, when it reappeared in humans. See: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/19...3)_475-477.pdf

.

Its pretty easy to distiguish pig and avian H1N1 from human H1N1. There really is no need for another species.

H5N1 patients frequently infected close contacts with H5N1 but the contacts are quickly treated or hospitalized when bird flu symptoms appear and the transmission stops. However, if the H5N1 patient is dually infected with H5N1 and H1N1, then it is easy for H274Y to develop in H5N1 which transfers it to H1N1 and the H1N1 is transmitted to contacts, who test negative for H5N1.

Once H274Y gets into the seasonal flu population on a fit H1N1, it can bounce around from one genetic background to another until it finds a real driver, like A193T on Brisbane/59 HA.

The H274Y was first reported in China on clade 2C in 2006/2007, followed by clade 1 in the US and UK in 2007/2008, followed by 2B in Hawaii (all of the above have identical donor sequences). It then jumped to 2B with NA changes (acquired from earlier H1N1), followed by 2B with A193T (from clade 2C), which was the real driver.

Its all about jumping around via recombination, until finding the right combination, which is the right driver (A193T) for the hitch hiker (H274Y in 2B and S31N in 2C).

[AlaskaDenise]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

Is it possible for a swine/avian H1N1 with H274Y to infect a human?

this all reminds me of a teenage girl who wants a boyfriend with lots of friends and a fast car - she can really "get around."

.

[HenryN]

Re: Flu Found Resistant to Main Antiviral Drug

Is it possible for a swine/avian H1N1 with H274Y to infect a human?

this all reminds me of a teenage girl who wants a boyfriend with lots of friends and a fast car - she can really "get around."

.

It is possble, but neither has appeared in travel logs (but avian and human H5N1 have).

H274Y knows how to get around, and A193T is taking her on a worldwide tour.