Announcement

**Giuseppe** · September 19, 2008, 10:08 AM

Re: West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine

WEST NILE VIRUS - ITALY: (FERRARA)
**********************************
A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
<http://www.isid.org>

Date: Tue 16 Sep 2008
Source: Bologna 2000 [in Italian, machine translated, edited]
<http://www.bologna2000.com/modules.p...icle&sid=81533>

The Zooprophilactic Institute of Teramo, national reference center
for exotic diseases, confirmed West Nile virus infection in horses of
some stables located in the province of Ferrara. The Institute
confirmed the presence of infection in wild birds from the same
province, examined under the regional plan for wildlife monitoring.

West Nile is an infectious disease [and this virus is] transmitted by
mosquitoes, particularly the _Culex_ genus. The virus is maintained
in the environment through the continuous passage between mosquitoes
and wild birds, which can also cause a significant mortality, and can
occasionally be transmitted to different animals and to humans.

Typically in mammals the infection is asymptomatic, however, in
horses clinical neurological symptoms can occur sometimes. West Nile
virus is responsible for clinical disease in humans in a very small
percentage of cases.

Both in humans and horses, however, the duration and amount of virus
in the blood are not sufficient to cause further infections [serve as
sources of infectious blood meals for vector mosquitoes. - Mod.TY].
Indeed humans, as well as horses are dead-end hosts and the mosquito
can not in any way transmit the disease from person to person, from
horse to horse, or from horse to person.

In people, West Nile virus infection is very often asymptomatic (over
80 percent of cases) or with mild nonspecific symptoms. In rare cases
(less than 1 percent), especially in elderly or immunodeficient
individuals, the most serious neurological (encephalitis or
meningoencephalitis) disease may develop.

Horses play an important role as an indicator of the presence of the
virus in the territory, since they may show symptoms of infection.

While continuing their investigations on the presence of the virus in
Ferrara, the regional and local health centres, particularly those of
Ferrara, have already put in place a systematic monitoring programme
to further knowledge about the extent and scale of the phenomenon.

The programme was defined in collaboration with the Experimental
Zooprophilactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna, the Teramo
Reference Center, and the Ministry of Health.

The 1st measures given the local health centre relate to veterinary
supervision of horses and wild birds and human surveillance,
particularly of workers in the stables where there were horse cases,
and all suspected cases of viral encephalitis or meningoencephalitis
observed in the region.

Laboratory tests are carried out by the regional reference centre for
microbiological emergencies (CRREM), the Polyclinic S.
Orsola-Malpighi of Bologna. To date, there have been no reported
cases of human West Nile virus infection.

In addition to surveillance measures, veterinary and human
interventions are already programmed to monitor and fight the
mosquito vector. _Culex_ mosquitoes are abundantly present in rural
areas and have predominantly nocturnal habits.

In particular, in areas affected by the ongoing [West Nile virus]
phenomenon, in addition to what has already been implemented in
recent months under the regional plan to combat the Asian tiger
mosquito [_Aedes albopictus_] for the prevention of chikungunya and
dengue fever [virus transmission], interventions are planned for this
pest with adulticides during public events (festivals, fairs, and the
like) that are taking place in open areas, especially outside the
urban centres and in the presence of vegetation or in the vicinity of
courses or collections of water.

Entomological surveillance has been activated, providing for the
capture of mosquito samples taken for analysis for the detection of
the virus. Attention is called to the importance of adopting measures
to protect individuals from mosquito bites; this is the most
effective means to reduce the risk of contracting the virus.

--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail
<promed@promedmail.org>

West Nile virus (WNV) outbreaks with equine morbidity and mortality
sporadically occur in the Mediterranean Basin, so this outbreak is
not surprising. ProMED-mail requests further information should
additional cases occur and for the species of birds in which WNV has
been found in the current outbreak in Ferrara.

A map showing the location of Ferrara Province in Italy can be accessed at
<http://www.pickatrail.com/jupiter/lo...y/ferrara.html>.
- Mod.TY]

[see also:
West Nile virus - Spain (Badajoz): 1st case 200420070328.1066
2004
----
West Nile virus - Portugal (Algarve): alert 20040812.2228
2003
----
West Nile virus, human, equine - France: susp. 20031011.2559
2001
----
West Nile virus - France 20010830.2062
West Nile virus, horses - France 20010113.0103
2000
----
West Nile virus, horses - France (04) 20001012.1743
West Nile virus, horses - France (03) 20000915.1585
West Nile virus, horses - France (02) 20000914.1572
West Nile virus, horses - France 20000912.1561]

...................................ty/mj/dk

-

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**Giuseppe** · September 26, 2008, 01:47 AM

Re: West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine

[One suspected human case; laboratory tests undergoing.]

WEST NILE FEVER, HORSES, ITALY [RSOE EDIS]

WEST NILE FEVER IN HORSES, ITALY

Situation Update No. 1

On 26.09.2008 at 05:19 GMT+2

There have been 6 confirmed and 5 suspected cases of West Nile virus infection in horses reported in the vicinity of Ferrara in Italy.

To verify the diffusion of viral circulation and to prevent the spread of disease, the regional authorities of Emilia-Romagna adopted a special plan of West Nile fever surveillance.

As of 22 Sep 2008, 12 horses with neurological symptoms indicating the possibility of West Nile virus infection have been reported.

The notifications were made in accordance with the already existing national surveillance of West Nile disease.

In 6 of these cases, the diagnosis was confirmed by laboratory analysis performed at the national reference centre (Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Malattie Esotiche - CESME); for 5, the initial ELISA test was positive, but the confirmation is still pending, and one tested negative.

The infected horses belong to 8 different stables, 7 in the province of Ferrara and one in the province of Bologna at the border with Ferrara.

There are about 220 horses kept in these stables, and all are to be tested for West Nile virus infection.

The blood sampling and laboratory testing is currently ongoing. West Nile virus has also been recently detected in wild birds in the area.

Although no anomalous mortality has been signaled, surveillance of wild birds conducted between 19 Aug-14 Sep [2008] in the framework of a general monitoring of the regional wild fauna resulted in detection of West Nile virus in 6 crows and 7 magpies [presumably European crows (Corvus corone) and European magpies. all from the province of Ferrara.

To date, there have been no human cases of West Nile fever reported in Italy.

Active surveillance of cases of meningoencephalitis (with clear cerebrospinal fluid [CSF]) was started on 16 Sep [2008] and is ongoing.

So far, one suspected case was notified in a patient resident in the province of Bologna near the border with Ferrara. However, the results of laboratory analysis are still pending.
--

**Giuseppe** · September 26, 2008, 01:48 AM

Re: West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine

WEST NILE VIRUS - ITALY (02): (FERRARA)
*************************************
A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
<http://www.isid.org>

Date: 25 Sep 2008
Source: Eurosurveillance V13 (No 39) Rapid Communications [edited]
<http://www.eurosurveillance.org/View...rticleId=18990>

There have been 6 confirmed and 5 suspected cases of West Nile virus
infection in horses reported in the vicinity of Ferrara in Italy. To
verify the diffusion of viral circulation and to prevent the spread
of disease, the regional authorities of Emilia-Romagna adopted a
special plan of West Nile fever surveillance.

Detection of cases
As of 22 Sep 2008, 12 horses with neurological symptoms indicating
the possibility of West Nile virus infection have been reported. The
notifications were made in accordance with the already existing
national surveillance of West Nile disease. In 6 of these cases, the
diagnosis was confirmed by laboratory analysis performed at the
national reference centre (Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le
Malattie Esotiche - CESME); for 5, the initial ELISA test was
positive, but the confirmation is still pending, and one tested
negative. The infected horses belong to 8 different stables, 7 in the
province of Ferrara and one in the province of Bologna at the border
with Ferrara. There are about 220 horses kept in these stables, and
all are to be tested for West Nile virus infection. The blood
sampling and laboratory testing is currently ongoing.

West Nile virus has also been recently detected in wild birds in the
area. Although no anomalous mortality has been signaled, surveillance
of wild birds conducted between 19 Aug-14 Sep [2008] in the framework
of a general monitoring of the regional wild fauna resulted in
detection of West Nile virus in 6 crows and 7 magpies [presumably
European crows (_Corvus corone_) and European magpies (_Pica pica_).
- Mod.TY] all from the province of Ferrara.

To date, there have been no human cases of West Nile fever reported
in Italy. Active surveillance of cases of meningoencephalitis (with
clear cerebrospinal fluid [CSF]) was started on 16 Sep [2008] and is
ongoing. So far, one suspected case was notified in a patient
resident in the province of Bologna near the border with Ferrara.
However, the results of laboratory analysis are still pending.

Control measures
The public health authorities in Emilia-Romagna are closely
monitoring the situation and adapting the action plan to the evolving
epidemiological situation. Currently, the following measures are in
place or planned:

Veterinary surveillance
The veterinary surveillance which started on 15 Sep [2008] comprises
passive surveillance (until 31 Oct 2008) and active surveillance
(until 31 Dec [2008]) of cases of West Nile fever in horses. It is
also foreseen that samples collected from cattle in the region as
part of sentinel surveillance for bluetongue disease will be tested
for West Nile virus. Furthermore, a national plan for surveillance of
wild birds (other than corvids) is under preparation.

Human surveillance
The surveillance of human cases ongoing since 15 Sep [2008] includes
rapid detection and reporting of cases with neurological symptoms
compatible with West Nile disease (until 31 Oct [2008]), as well as
active surveillance among employees of stables where cases of
infection in horses have occurred, promoting the awareness on this
disease, preventive measures, and early detection of West Nile fever.

The case definition used includes patients older than or equal to 15
years old with fever greater than or equal to 38.5 C and neurological
symptoms: encephalitis, meningitis or Guillain-Barre syndrome or
acute flaccid paralysis. Cases are classified as:
a) possible: clinical symptoms and clear CSF;
b) probable: clinical symptoms and at least one of the following
laboratory criteria: presence of IgM antibodies against West Nile by
ELISA; seroconversion by ELISA; 4-fold increase of IgG antibodies
against West Nile in 2 consecutive (greater than 5 days, preferably
15-20 days) samplings by ELISA;
c) confirmed: clinical symptoms and at least one of the following
laboratory criteria: isolation of West Nile virus in blood or CSF;
presence of IgM antibodies in CSF (by ELISA); detection of nucleic
acid specific for West Nile virus by RT PCR in blood or CSF;
detection of increased levels of IgM and IgG antibodies against West
Nile by ELISA confirmed by neutralization testing.

At the moment, considering the surveillance measures adopted as well
as the example of other countries, especially France [1], the Italian
authorities decided not to introduce any restrictions on blood
donations. However, the situation is monitored closely, and, should a
human case be confirmed, this decision will be reconsidered.

Vector surveillance and control
In addition to surveillance, vector control measures are being
implemented in the area affected, i.e. the province of Ferrara and
the border zones of the provinces of Ravenna, Bologna and Modena. In
these areas, samples of mosquitoes (_Culex_ spp. and _Aedes_ spp.)
are being collected; 10 000 catchments divided into pools are going
to be analysed (by PCR). In addition to larvicide disinfestations in
every potential breeding site, adulticides interventions are planned
to be undertaken in every urban area and on the occasion of open-air
public gatherings, e.g. fairs and festivals, especially held outside
the urban centres and in the vicinity of water reservoirs.

Conclusion
This event illustrates the necessity of a coordinated strategy plan
combining surveillance in domestic animals, wild fauna and in humans
for assessing the magnitude of the outbreak and for an efficient management.

References
1. Zeller H, Zientara S, Hars J. West Nile outbreak in horses in
Southern France: September 2004. Euro Surveill. 2004;8(41):pii=2564.
Available online:
<http://www.eurosurveillance.org/View...ArticleId=2564>.

Citation for the above article: Macini P, Squintani G, Finarelli AC,
Angelini P, Martini E, Tamba M, Dottori M, Bellini R, Santi A, Loli
Piccolomini L, Po C. Detection of West Nile virus infection in
horses, Italy, September 2008. Euro Surveill. 2008;13(39):pii=18990.
Available online:
<http://www.eurosurveillance.org/View...rticleId=18990>.

--
Communicated by:
ProMED-mail <promed@promedmail.org>

[This report provides the specific information concerning this West
Nile virus (WNV) outbreak requested in the ProMED posting given
below. It underscores the need for comprehensive approaches by
interdisciplinary teams. Interestingly, _Aedes_ mosquitoes are being
collected and tested. Central Italy suffered an outbreak of
chikungunya virus infections transmitted by the Asian tiger mosquito,
_Ae. albopictus_. It will be interesting to see whether _Ae.
albopictus_ becomes implicated as a WNV vector in this outbreak.
ProMED Rapporteur Joseph Dudley provided the following comment
regarding this mosquito and West Nile virus transmission: "_Aedes
albopictus_ has been isolated from mosquitoes in the field in North
America (Holick et al 2002, CDC 2006), and shown experimentally to be
a competent vector of West Nile virus" (Sardelis et al 2002,
Tiawsirisup et al. 2005, Chu et al 2005).

Although this species is not considered a principal vector of WNV
transmission, vertical transmission of WNV has been demonstrated in
this species (Baqar et al 1993).

References:

Michael R. Sardelis, Michael J. Turell, Monica L. O'Guinn, Richard G.
Andre, And Donald R. Roberts. 2002. Vector Competence Of Three North
American Strains Of Aedes Albopictus For West Nile Virus. Journal of
the American Mosquito Control Association 18: 284-289 (December 2002)
<http://apt.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1043%2F8756-971X(2002)018[0284%3AVCOTNA]2.3.CO%3B2&ct=1>.

Shahida Baqar, Curtis G. Hayes, James R. Murphy and Douglas M. Watts.
1993. Vertical Transmission of West Nile Virus by Culex and Aedes
Species Mosquitoes. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 48(6), 1993, pp. 757-762
<http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/48/6/757>.

Sonthaya Tiawsirisup, Kenneth B. Platt, Richard B. Evans, Wayne A.
Rowley. 2005. A Comparison of West Nile Virus Transmission by
Ochlerotatus trivittatus (COQ.), Culex pipiens (L.), and Aedes
albopictus (Skuse) Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 5(1): 40-47
<http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs...Fvbz.2005.5.40>.

John Holick, Andrew Kyle, William Ferraro, Raymond R. Delaney, And
Marta Iwaseczko. 2002. Scientific Note: Discovery Of Aedes Albopictus
Infected With West Nile Virus In Southeastern Pennsylvania. Journal
of the American Mosquito Control Association 18: 131-131 (June 2002)
<http://apt.allenpress.com/perlserv/?...e=02&page=0131>.

J J H Chu, P W H Leong, M L Ng 2005. Characterization of plasma
membrane-associated proteins from Aedes albopictus mosquito (C6/36)
cells that mediate West Nile virus binding and infection. Virology.
2005 Sep 1;339 (2):249-60.

CDC 2006. Mosquito Species producing WNV positives by year 2002-2006
<http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/west...itospecies.htm>.

A map showing the location of Ferrara province and vicinity in Italy
can be accessed at
<http://www.pickatrail.com/jupiter/lo...y/ferrara.html>.

- Mod.TY]

[see also:
West Nile virus - Italy: (FE) 20080919.2933]
..........................................mpp/ty/msp/mpp
-

FluTrackers News and Information

http://www.flutrackers.com/forum/newreply.php?do=newreply&noquote=1&p=181731

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</pre>

**Giuseppe** · September 26, 2008, 02:01 AM

Re: West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine

Detection of West Nile virus infection in horses, Italy, September 2008 [Eurosurveillance]

Eurosurveillance, Volume 13, Issue 39, 25 September 2008 - Rapid communications

Detection of West Nile virus infection in horses, Italy, September 2008

P Macini1, G Squintani2, A. C. Finarelli ()1, P Angelini1, E Martini2, M Tamba3, M Dottori3, R Bellini4, A Santi2, L Loli Piccolomini2, C Po1 - 1. Servizio di Sanit? Pubblica, Regione Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Italy 2. Servizio Veterinario e igiene degli alimenti, Regione Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Italy 3. Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale della Lombardia e dell?Emilia-Romagna, Italy 4. Centro Agricoltura e ambiente ?G. Nicoli? , Crevalcore (Bologna), Italy

Citation style for this article: Macini P, Squintani G, Finarelli AC, Angelini P, Martini E, Tamba M, Dottori M, Bellini R, Santi A, Loli Piccolomini L, Po C. Detection of West Nile virus infection in horses, Italy, September 2008. Euro Surveill. 2008;13(39):pii=18990. Available online: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/View...rticleId=18990

Date of submission: 24 September 2008

Six confirmed and five suspected cases of West Nile virus infection in horses have been reported in the vicinity of Ferrara in Italy.

To verify the diffusion of viral circulation and to prevent the spread of disease, the regional authorities of Emilia-Romagna adopted a special plan of West Nile fever surveillance.

Detection of cases
As of 22 September 2008, 12 horses with neurological symptoms indicating the possibility of West Nile virus infection have been reported. The notifications were made in accordance with the already existing national surveillance of West Nile disease.

In six of these cases the diagnosis was confirmed by laboratory analysis performed at the national reference centre (Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Malattie Esotiche ? CESME), for five the initial ELISA test was positive but the confirmation is still pending, and one tested negative.

The infected horses belong to eight different stables, seven in the province of Ferrara and one in the province of Bologna at the border with Ferrara. There are about 220 horses kept in these stables and all are to be tested for West Nile virus infection. The blood sampling and laboratory testing is currently ongoing.

West Nile virus has also been recently detected in wild birds in the area. Although no anomalous mortality has been signalled, surveillance of wild birds conducted between 19 August and 14 September in the framework of a general monitoring of the regional wild fauna resulted in detection of West Nile virus in six crows and seven magpies, all from the province of Ferrara.

To date there have been no human cases of West Nile fever reported in Italy.

Active surveillance of cases of meningoencephalitis (with clear cerebrospinal fluid [CSF]) was started on 16 September and is ongoing. So far one suspected case was notified in a patient resident in the province of Bologna near the border with Ferrara. However, the results of laboratory analysis are still pending.

Control measures
The public health authorities in Emilia-Romagna are closely monitoring the situation and adapting the action plan to the evolving epidemiological situation.

Currently, the following measures are in place or planned:

* Veterinary surveillance
The veterinary surveillance which started on 15 September comprises passive surveillance (until 31 October) and active surveillance (until 31 December) of cases of West Nile fever in horses. It is also foreseen that samples collected from cattle in the region as part of sentinel surveillance for bluetonque disease will be tested for West Nile virus. Furthermore, a national plan for surveillance of wild birds (other than corvids) is under preparation.Human surveillance

* The surveillance of human cases ongoing since 15 September includes rapid detection and reporting of cases with neurological symptoms compatible with of West Nile disease (until 31 October), as well as active surveillance among employees of stables where cases of infection in horses have occurred, to promote the awareness on this disease, preventive measures and early detection of West Nile fever.

* The case definition used includes patients >= 15 years old, with fever >= 38.5?C and neurological symptoms: encephalitis, meningitis or Guillain-Barr? syndrome or acute flaccid paralysis.

Cases are classified as:
a) possible: clinical symptoms and clear CSF;
b) probable: clinical symptoms and at least one of the following laboratory criteria:
-- presence of IgM antibodies against West Nile by ELISA;
-- seroconversion by ELISA;
-- fourfold increase of IgG antibodies against West Nile in two consecutive (>5 days, preferably 15-20 days) samplings by ELISA;
c) confirmed:
-- clinical symptoms and at least one of the following laboratory criteria:
-- isolation of West Nile virus in blood or CSF;
-- presence of IgM antibodies in CSF (by ELISA);
-- detection of nucleid acid specific for West Nile virus by RT PCR in blood or CSF;
-- detection of increased levels of IgM and IgG antibodies against West Nile by ELISA confirmed by neutralisation testing.

At the moment, considering the surveillance measures adopted, as well as the example of other countries especially France [1], the Italian authorities decided not to introduce any restrictions on blood donations.

However, the situation is monitored closely and should a human case be confirmed, this decision will be reconsidered.

* Vector surveillance and control
In addition to surveillance, vector control measures are being implemented in the area affected, i.e. the province of Ferrara and the border zones of the provinces of Ravenna, Bologna and Modena.

In these areas samples of mosquitoes (Culex spp. and Aedes spp.) are being collected; 10,000 catchments divided into pools are going to be analysed (by PCR). In addition to larvicide disinfestations in every potential breeding site, adulticides interventions are planned to be undertaken in every urban areas and on the occasion of open-air public gatherings, e.g. fairs and festivals, especially held outside the urban centres and in the vicinity of water reservoirs.

Conclusion
This event illustrates the necessity of a coordinated strategy plan combining surveillance in domestic animals, wild fauna and in humans for assessing the magnitude of the outbreak and for an efficient management.

References
1. Zeller H, Zientara S, Hars J. West Nile outbreak in horses in Southern France: September 2004. Euro Surveill. 2004;8(41):pii=2564.
Available online: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/View...ArticleId=2564
--

<cite cite="http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=18990">Eurosurveillance - View Article</cite>

**mixin** · September 26, 2008, 04:27 AM

Re: West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine

Do most horse owners in Italy vax their horses against WN?

Here in my county, the first year WN hit really hard, there was no vax and the veternarians were working long hours attending to all the sick horses.

To date there have been no human cases of West Nile fever reported in Italy.

A couple of years from now, will Italy be like the US with more WN in humans and more severe?

More Cases Of West Nile Virus Found - FluTrackers News and Information

http://www.flutrackers.com/forum/showthread.php?t=80791

**Gert van der Hoek** · September 26, 2008, 08:12 AM

Re: West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine

Originally posted by mixin View Post

Do most horse owners in Italy vax their horses against WN?

Here in my county, the first year WN hit really hard, there was no vax and the veternarians were working long hours attending to all the sick horses.

A couple of years from now, will Italy be like the US with more WN in humans and more severe?
http://www.flutrackers.com/forum/showthread.php?t=80791

I don't know about vaccination in Italy. Here we do not vaccinate the horses for WNV. Being a horsebreeder myself, I would like to know too what will happen in the future. Guess we don't know, all we can do is monitor the situation.

WNV is endemic in some Eastern European regions, like Ukraine or Belarus, also there were outbreaks with human cases in other former Soviet Union countries.

For what I know from the Netherlands, bird flu and WNV are part of the testing in the wild bird monitoring scheme.

WNV in horses and birds is reported every other year or so in Italy, or France or Spain, Portugal. Does not seem to go further to the north at the moment.

The spread of Bluetongue learned us, that future developments are unpredictable. A few years ago in Holland we had never heard of Bluetongue, now it is all over the country. Even more surprising is that the prevailing type - no 8 - is not from southern European countries as you would expect. It jumped right from Northern Africa to here, experts still do not know where it came from.

**mixin** · September 26, 2008, 02:13 PM

Re: West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine

Dutchy,
Ahhh, another horse person

Mine were Appaloosa and App/quarter; pleasure riding only.

Can't you get the vaccine overseas? Here, it isn't very expensive and well worth the cost.

When it first came to our area, the first dead crow struck fear in my heart. After that, the horses were confined to the barn at night.

Now, we vax our horses and the fear is for ourselves.

**Gert van der Hoek** · September 30, 2008, 12:45 PM

Re: West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine

WNV seems to spread in Italy, OIE-report:

403 Access Forbidden

http://www.oie.int/wahid-prod/public.php?page=single_report&pop=1&reportid=7386

**Giuseppe** · September 30, 2008, 02:25 PM

Re: West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine

West Nile Fever, Italy [WAHID Interface - OIE]

West Nile Fever,Italy

Information received on 30/09/2008 from Dr Romano Marabelli, Direttore Generale, Direzione Generale Sanita Veterinaria e Alimenti , Ministero della Salute, ROME, Italy

? Summary
Report type Follow-up report No. 1
Start date 08/09/2008
Date of first confirmation of the event 08/09/2008
Report date 30/09/2008
Date submitted to OIE 30/09/2008
Reason for notification Reoccurrence of a listed disease
Date of previous occurrence 1998
Causal agent West Nile virus
Nature of diagnosis Clinical, Laboratory (advanced)
This event pertains to a defined zone within the country
Related reports
* Immediate notification (12/09/2008)
* Follow-up report No. 1 (30/09/2008)

? New outbreaks
* Outbreak 1 (2 WND) - FERRARA, FERRARA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
Date of start of the outbreak 08/09/2008
Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 63 - 3 - 1 - 0 - 0

* Outbreak 2 (3 WND) - SANT'AGOSTINO, FERRARA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
Date of start of the outbreak 08/09/2008
Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 11 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0

* Outbreak 3 (4 WND) - FERRARA *, FERRARA , EMILIA-ROMAGNA
Date of start of the outbreak 11/09/2008
Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 19 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0

* Outbreak 4 (5 WND) - TRESIGALLO, FERRARA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
Date of start of the outbreak 13/09/2008
Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 9 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0

* Outbreak 5 (6 WND) - TRECENTA, ROVIGO, VENETO
Date of start of the outbreak 15/09/2008
Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 47 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0

* Outbreak 6 (7 WND) - FERRARA **, FERRARA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
Date of start of the outbreak 17/09/2008
Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 23 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0

* Outbreak 7 (8 WND) - OSTELLATO, FERRARA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
Date of start of the outbreak 17/09/2008
Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 40 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0

* Outbreak 8 (9 WND) - MALALBERGO, BOLOGNA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
Date of start of the outbreak 17/09/2008
Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 82 - 2 - 0 - 0 - 0

? Summary of outbreaks
Total outbreaks: 8
Total animals affected: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 294 - 11 - 1 - 0 - 0
Outbreak statistics: Species - Apparent morbidity rate - Apparent mortality rate - Apparent case fatality rate - Proportion susceptible animals lost*
* Equidae - 3.74% - 0.34% - 9.09% - 0.34%
* Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter

? Epidemiology
Source of the outbreak(s) or origin of infection
* Vectors

? Control measures
Measures applied
* Control of wildlife reservoirs
* Screening
* Disinfection of infected premises/establishment(s)
* No vaccination
* No treatment of affected animals
Measures to be applied
* No other measures

? Diagnostic test results
Laboratory name and type National Centre for Exotic Diseases (CESME), Teramo (National laboratory)
Tests and results: Species - Test - Test date - Result
* Equidae - antibody detection ELISA - 26/09/2008 - Positive
* Equidae - polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - 26/09/2008 - Positive
* Equidae - seroneutralization test (SNT) - 26/09/2008 - Positive

? Future Reporting
The event is continuing. Weekly follow-up reports will be submitted.
--

<cite cite="http://www.oie.int/wahid-prod/public.php?page=single_report&pop=1&reportid=7386" >WAHID Interface - OIE World Animal Health Information Database</cite>

**Giuseppe** · October 7, 2008, 11:42 AM

Re: West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine

West Nile Fever, Italy [WAHID Interface - OIE]

West Nile Fever,Italy

Information received on 07/10/2008 from Dr Romano Marabelli, Direttore Generale, Direzione Generale Sanita Veterinaria e Alimenti , Ministero della Salute, ROME, Italy

? Summary
Report type Follow-up report No. 2
Start date 08/09/2008
Date of first confirmation of the event 08/09/2008
Report date 07/10/2008
Date submitted to OIE 07/10/2008
Reason for notification Reoccurrence of a listed disease
Date of previous occurrence 1998
Causal agent West Nile virus
Nature of diagnosis Clinical, Laboratory (advanced)
This event pertains to a defined zone within the country
Related reports
* Immediate notification (12/09/2008)
* Follow-up report No. 1 (30/09/2008)
* Follow-up report No. 2 (07/10/2008)

? New outbreaks
* Outbreak 1 (12 WND) - OSTIGLIA, MANTOVA, LOMBARDIA
Date of start of the outbreak 26/09/2008
Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 9 - 2 - 2 - 0 - 0

* Outbreak 2 (10 WND) - BENTIVOGLIO, BOLOGNA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
Date of start of the outbreak 20/09/2008
Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 2 - 2 - 0 - 0 0

* Outbreak 3 (11 WND) - MIGLIARINO, FERRARA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
Date of start of the outbreak 28/09/2008
Outbreak status: Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 1 - 1 - 0 - 1 - 0

? Summary of outbreaks
Total outbreaks: 3
Total animals affected: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 12 - 5 - 2 - 1 - 0
Outbreak statistics: Species - Apparent morbidity rate - Apparent mortality rate - Apparent case fatality rate - Proportion susceptible animals lost*
* Equidae - 41.67% - 16.67% - 40.00% - 25.00%
* Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter

? Epidemiology
Source of the outbreak(s) or origin of infection
* Vectors

? Control measures
Measures applied
* Control of wildlife reservoirs
* Screening
* Disinfection of infected premises/establishment(s)
* No vaccination
* No treatment of affected animals

Measures to be applied
* No other measures

? Diagnostic test results
Laboratory name and type National Centre for Exotic Diseases (CESME), Teramo (National laboratory)

Tests and results: Species - Test - Test date - Result
* Equidae - antibody detection ELISA - 02/10/2008 - Positive
* Equidae - polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - 02/10/2008 - Positive
* Equidae - seroneutralization test (SNT) - 02/10/2008 - Positive

? Future Reporting
The event is continuing. Weekly follow-up reports will be submitted.
--

<cite cite="http://www.oie.int/wahid-prod/public.php?page=single_report&pop=1&reportid=7403" >WAHID Interface - OIE World Animal Health Information Database</cite>

**Giuseppe** · October 13, 2008, 02:15 PM

Re: West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine

West Nile Fever, Italy [WAHID Interface - OIE]

West Nile Fever, Italy

Information received on 13/10/2008 from Dr Romano Marabelli, Direttore Generale, Direzione Generale Sanita Veterinaria e Alimenti , Ministero della Salute, ROME, Italy

? Summary
Report type Follow-up report No. 3
Start date 08/09/2008
Date of first confirmation of the event 08/09/2008
Report date 13/10/2008
Date submitted to OIE 13/10/2008
Reason for notification Reoccurrence of a listed disease
Date of previous occurrence 1998
Causal agent West Nile virus
Nature of diagnosis Clinical, Laboratory (advanced)
This event pertains to a defined zone within the country
Related reports
* Immediate notification (12/09/2008)
* Follow-up report No. 1 (30/09/2008)
* Follow-up report No. 2 (07/10/2008)
* Follow-up report No. 3 (13/10/2008)

? New outbreaks
* Outbreak 1 (13 WND) - CODIGORO, FERRARA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
Date of start of the outbreak 23/09/2008
Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 40 - 2 - 0 - 0 - 0

* Outbreak 2 (14 WND) - COMACCHIO, FERRARA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
Date of start of the outbreak 18/09/2008
Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 33 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0

? Summary of outbreaks
Total outbreaks: 2
Total animals affected: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 73 - 3 - 0 - 0 - 0
Outbreak statistics: Species - Apparent morbidity rate - Apparent mortality rate - Apparent case fatality rate - Proportion susceptible animals lost*
* Equidae - 4.11% - 0.00% - 0.00% - 0.00%
* Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter

? Epidemiology
Source of the outbreak(s) or origin of infection
* Vectors

? Control measures
Measures applied
* Control of wildlife reservoirs
* Screening
* Disinfection of infected premises/establishment(s)
* No vaccination
* No treatment of affected animals
Measures to be applied
* No other measures

? Diagnostic test results
Laboratory name and type National Centre for Exotic Diseases (CESME), Teramo (National laboratory)
Tests and results: Species - Test - Test date - Result
* Equidae - antibody detection ELISA - 06/10/2008 - Positive
* Equidae - antibody detection ELISA - 09/10/2008 - Positive
* Equidae - polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - 06/10/2008 - Positive
* Equidae - polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - 09/10/2008 - Positive
* Equidae - seroneutralization test (SNT) - 06/10/2008 - Positive
* Equidae - seroneutralization test (SNT) - 09/10/2008 - Positive

? Future Reporting
The event is continuing. Weekly follow-up reports will be submitted.
--

<cite cite="http://www.oie.int/wahid-prod/public.php?page=single_report&pop=1&reportid=7423" >WAHID Interface - OIE World Animal Health Information Database</cite>

**Giuseppe** · October 21, 2008, 12:37 PM

Re: West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine

West Nile Fever, Italy [OIE-WAHID]

West Nile Fever, Italy

[Full text: http://www.oie.int/wahid-prod/public...&reportid=7447 ]

Information received on 21/10/2008 from Dr Romano Marabelli, Direttore Generale, Direzione Generale Sanita Veterinaria e Alimenti , Ministero della Salute, ROME, Italy

? Summary
Report type Follow-up report No. 4
Start date 08/09/2008
Date of first confirmation of the event 08/09/2008
Report date 21/10/2008
Date submitted to OIE 21/10/2008
Reason for notification Reoccurrence of a listed disease
Date of previous occurrence 1998
Causal agent West Nile virus
Nature of diagnosis Clinical, Laboratory (advanced)
This event pertains to a defined zone within the country
Related reports
* Immediate notification (12/09/2008)
* Follow-up report No. 1 (30/09/2008)
* Follow-up report No. 2 (07/10/2008)
* Follow-up report No. 3 (13/10/2008)
* Follow-up report No. 4 (21/10/2008)

? New outbreaks
* Outbreak 1 (15 WND) - ARGENTA, FERRARA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
Date of start of the outbreak 18/09/2008
Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 23 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0
Affected population: The positivity concerns a seroconversion of a sentinel animal (horse).

* Outbreak 2 (16 WND) - LAGOSANTO, FERRARA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
Date of start of the outbreak 16/09/2008
Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 2 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0
Affected population: The positivity concerns a seroconversion of a sentinel animal (horse).

* Outbreak 3 (17 WND) - LUGO, RAVENNA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
Date of start of the outbreak 23/09/2008
Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 17 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0
Affected population: The positivity concerns a seroconversion of a sentinel animal (horse).

* Outbreak 4 (19 WND) - CANARO, ROVIGO, VENETO
Date of start of the outbreak 30/09/2008
Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 4 - 4 - 0 - 0 - 0

* Outbreak 5 (18 WND) - FERRARA, FERRARA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
Date of start of the outbreak 04/10/2008
Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 8 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0

? Summary of outbreaks
Total outbreaks: 5
Total animals affected: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 54 - 8 - 0 - 0 - 0
Outbreak statistics: Species - Apparent morbidity rate - Apparent mortality rate - Apparent case fatality rate - Proportion susceptible animals lost*
* Equidae - 14.81% - 0.00% - 0.00% - 0.00%

* Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter

? Epidemiology
Source of the outbreak(s) or origin of infection
* Vectors

? Control measures
Measures applied

* Control of wildlife reservoirs
* Screening
* Disinfection of infected premises/establishment(s)
* No vaccination
* No treatment of affected animals

Measures to be applied

* No other measures

? Diagnostic test results
Laboratory name and type National Centre for Exotic Diseases (CESME), Teramo (National laboratory)
Tests and results: Species - Test - Test date - Result
* Equidae - antibody detection ELISA - 08/10/2008 - Positive
* Equidae - antibody detection ELISA - 10/10/2008 - Positive
* Equidae - antibody detection ELISA - 13/10/2008 - Positive
* Equidae - real-time PCR - 10/10/2008 - Positive
* Equidae - seroneutralization test (SNT) - 08/10/2008 - Positive
* Equidae - seroneutralization test (SNT) - 10/10/2008 - Positive
* Equidae - seroneutralization test (SNT) - 13/10/2008 - Positive

? Future Reporting
The event is continuing. Weekly follow-up reports will be submitted.
-
-----

**Giuseppe** · October 27, 2008, 11:29 AM

Re: West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine

West Nile Fever, Italy [WAHID Interface - OIE]

West Nile Fever, Italy

Information received on 27/10/2008 from Dr Romano Marabelli, Direttore Generale, Direzione Generale Sanita Veterinaria e Alimenti , Ministero della Salute, ROME, Italy

? Summary
Report type Follow-up report No. 5
Start date 08/09/2008
Date of first confirmation of the event 08/09/2008
Report date 27/10/2008
Date submitted to OIE 27/10/2008
Reason for notification Reoccurrence of a listed disease
Date of previous occurrence 1998
Causal agent West Nile virus
Nature of diagnosis Clinical, Laboratory (advanced)
This event pertains to a defined zone within the country
Related reports
* Immediate notification (12/09/2008)
* Follow-up report No. 1 (30/09/2008)
* Follow-up report No. 2 (07/10/2008)
* Follow-up report No. 3 (13/10/2008)
* Follow-up report No. 4 (21/10/2008)
* Follow-up report No. 5 (27/10/2008)

? New outbreaks
* Outbreak 1 (20 WND) - MERLARA, PADOVA, VENETO
Date of start of the outbreak 01/10/2008
Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 10 - 4 - 0 - 0 - 0

* Outbreak 2 (21 WND) - MARCON, VENEZIA, VENETO
Date of start of the outbreak 02/10/2008
Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 2 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0

* Outbreak 3 (22 WND) - CANDIANA, PADOVA, VENETO
Date of start of the outbreak 02/10/2008
Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 2 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0

* Outbreak 4 (23 WND) - CODEVIGO, PADOVA, VENETO
Date of start of the outbreak 01/10/2008
Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 4 - 2 - 0 - 0 - 0

* Outbreak 5 (24 WND) - GRANZE, PADOVA, VENETO
Date of start of the outbreak 03/10/2008
Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 2 - 2 - 0 - 0 - 0

* Outbreak 6 (25 WND) - CAVARZERE, VENEZIA, VENETO
Date of start of the outbreak 03/10/2008
Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 2 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0

* Outbreak 7 (26 WND) - BAGNOLO DI PO, ROVIGO, VENETO
Date of start of the outbreak 01/10/2008
Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 2 - 2 - 0 - 0 - 0

? Summary of outbreaks
Total outbreaks: 7
Total animals affected: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 24 - 13 - 0 - 0 - 0
Outbreak statistics: Species - Apparent morbidity rate - Apparent mortality rate - Apparent case fatality rate - Proportion susceptible animals lost*
* Equidae - 54.17% - 0.00% - 0.00% - 0.00%
* Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter

? Epidemiology
Source of the outbreak(s) or origin of infection
* Vectors

? Control measures
Measures applied
* Control of wildlife reservoirs
* Screening
* Disinfection of infected premises/establishment(s)
* No vaccination
* No treatment of affected animals
Measures to be applied
* No other measures

? Diagnostic test results
Laboratory name and type National Centre for Exotic Diseases (CESME), Teramo (National laboratory)
Tests and results: Species - Test - Test date - Result
* Equidae - antibody detection ELISA - 17/10/2008 -Positive
* Equidae - seroneutralization test (SNT) - 17/10/2008 - Positive

? Future Reporting
The event is continuing. Weekly follow-up reports will be submitted.
-

<cite cite="http://www.oie.int/wahid-prod/public.php?page=single_report&pop=1&reportid=7454" >WAHID Interface - OIE World Animal Health Information Database</cite>

**Giuseppe** · October 31, 2008, 11:53 AM

Re: West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine

West Nile Fever, Italy (10/31/2008) [WAHID Interface - OIE]

West Nile Fever, Italy

Information received on 31/10/2008 from Dr Romano Marabelli, Direttore Generale, Direzione Generale Sanita Veterinaria e Alimenti , Ministero della Salute, ROME, Italy

? Summary
Report type Follow-up report No. 6
Start date 08/09/2008
Date of first confirmation of the event 08/09/2008
Report date 31/10/2008
Date submitted to OIE 31/10/2008
Reason for notification Reoccurrence of a listed disease
Date of previous occurrence 1998
Causal agent West Nile virus
Nature of diagnosis Clinical, Laboratory (advanced)
This event pertains to a defined zone within the country
Related reports
* Immediate notification (12/09/2008)
* Follow-up report No. 1 (30/09/2008)
* Follow-up report No. 2 (07/10/2008)
* Follow-up report No. 3 (13/10/2008)
* Follow-up report No. 4 (21/10/2008)
* Follow-up report No. 5 (27/10/2008)
* Follow-up report No. 6 (31/10/2008)

? New outbreaks
* Outbreak 1 (27 WND) - PIEVE DI CENTO, BOLOGNA, EMILIA-ROMAGNA
Date of start of the outbreak 26/09/2008
Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 5 - 4 - 0 - 0 - 0

* Outbreak 2 (28 WND) - BAGNOLI DI SOPRA , PADOVA, VENETO
Date of start of the outbreak 06/10/2008
Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 2 - 2 - 0 - 0 - 0

* Outbreak 3 (29 WND) - VILLANOVA DEL GHEBBO, ROVIGO, VENETO
Date of start of the outbreak 06/10/2008
Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 1 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0

* Outbreak 4 (30 WND) - URBANA, PADOVA, VENETO
Date of start of the outbreak 07/10/2008
Outbreak status Continuing (or date resolved not provided)
Epidemiological unit Farm
Affected animals: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 2 - 2 - 0 - 0 - 0

? Summary of outbreaks
Total outbreaks: 4
Total animals affected: Species - Susceptible - Cases - Deaths - Destroyed - Slaughtered
* Equidae - 10 - 9 - 0 - 0 - 0
Outbreak statistics: Species - Apparent morbidity rate - Apparent mortality rate - Apparent case fatality rate - Proportion susceptible animals lost*
* Equidae - 90.00% - 0.00% - 0.00% - 0.00%
* Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter

? Epidemiology
Source of the outbreak(s) or origin of infection
* Vectors

? Control measures
Measures applied
* Control of wildlife reservoirs
* Screening
* Disinfection of infected premises/establishment(s)
* No vaccination
* No treatment of affected animals
Measures to be applied
* No other measures

? Diagnostic test results
Laboratory name and type National Centre for Exotic Diseases (CESME), Teramo (National laboratory)
Tests and results: Species - Test - Test date - Result
* Equidae - antibody detection ELISA - 24/10/2008 - Positive
* Equidae - antibody detection ELISA - 27/10/2008 - Positive
* Equidae - seroneutralization test (SNT) - 24/10/2008 - Positive
* Equidae - seroneutralization test (SNT) - 27/10/2008 - Positive

? Future Reporting
The event is continuing. Weekly follow-up reports will be submitted.
-

<cite cite="http://www.oie.int/wahid-prod/public.php?page=single_report&pop=1&reportid=7473" >WAHID Interface - OIE World Animal Health Information Database</cite>

Announcement

West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine (Endemic Declared Country)

West Nile Fever In Italy, Equine (Endemic Declared Country)

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