tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Vet Sci
. 2025 Jul 28;12(8):704.
doi: 10.3390/vetsci12080704. A Review of Avian Influenza Virus Exposure Patterns and Risks Among Occupational Populations
Huimin Li[SUP] 1 2 3 [/SUP], Ruiqi Ren[SUP] 2 3 [/SUP], Wenqing Bai[SUP] 2 3 [/SUP], Zhaohe Li[SUP] 2 3 [/SUP], Jiayi Zhang[SUP] 2 3 [/SUP], Yao Liu[SUP] 2 3 [/SUP], Rui Sun[SUP] 2 3 [/SUP], Fei Wang[SUP] 1 2 3 [/SUP], Dan Li[SUP] 2 3 [/SUP], Chao Li[SUP] 2 3 [/SUP], Guoqing Shi[SUP] 2 3 [/SUP], Lei Zhou[SUP] 2 3 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) pose significant risks to occupational populations engaged in poultry farming, livestock handling, and live poultry market operations due to frequent exposure to infected animals and contaminated environments. This review synthesizes evidence on AIV exposure patterns and risk factors through a comprehensive analysis of viral characteristics, host dynamics, environmental influences, and human behaviors. The main routes of transmission include direct animal contact, respiratory contact during slaughter/milking, and environmental contamination (aerosols, raw milk, shared equipment). Risks increase as the virus adapts between species, survives longer in cold/wet conditions, and spreads through wild bird migration (long-distance transmission) and live bird trade (local transmission). Recommended control measures include integrated animal-human-environment surveillance, stringent biosecurity measures, vaccination, and education. These findings underscore the urgent need for global 'One Health' collaboration to assess risk and implement preventive measures against potentially pandemic strains of influenza A viruses, especially in light of undetected mild/asymptomatic cases and incomplete knowledge of viral evolution.
Keywords: avian influenza virus; exposure patterns; occupational exposure; prevention and control strategies; risk factors.
. 2025 Jul 28;12(8):704.
doi: 10.3390/vetsci12080704. A Review of Avian Influenza Virus Exposure Patterns and Risks Among Occupational Populations
Huimin Li[SUP] 1 2 3 [/SUP], Ruiqi Ren[SUP] 2 3 [/SUP], Wenqing Bai[SUP] 2 3 [/SUP], Zhaohe Li[SUP] 2 3 [/SUP], Jiayi Zhang[SUP] 2 3 [/SUP], Yao Liu[SUP] 2 3 [/SUP], Rui Sun[SUP] 2 3 [/SUP], Fei Wang[SUP] 1 2 3 [/SUP], Dan Li[SUP] 2 3 [/SUP], Chao Li[SUP] 2 3 [/SUP], Guoqing Shi[SUP] 2 3 [/SUP], Lei Zhou[SUP] 2 3 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 40872655
- PMCID: PMC12390217
- DOI: 10.3390/vetsci12080704
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) pose significant risks to occupational populations engaged in poultry farming, livestock handling, and live poultry market operations due to frequent exposure to infected animals and contaminated environments. This review synthesizes evidence on AIV exposure patterns and risk factors through a comprehensive analysis of viral characteristics, host dynamics, environmental influences, and human behaviors. The main routes of transmission include direct animal contact, respiratory contact during slaughter/milking, and environmental contamination (aerosols, raw milk, shared equipment). Risks increase as the virus adapts between species, survives longer in cold/wet conditions, and spreads through wild bird migration (long-distance transmission) and live bird trade (local transmission). Recommended control measures include integrated animal-human-environment surveillance, stringent biosecurity measures, vaccination, and education. These findings underscore the urgent need for global 'One Health' collaboration to assess risk and implement preventive measures against potentially pandemic strains of influenza A viruses, especially in light of undetected mild/asymptomatic cases and incomplete knowledge of viral evolution.
Keywords: avian influenza virus; exposure patterns; occupational exposure; prevention and control strategies; risk factors.