tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Vaccine
. 2026 Aug 18:91:128963.
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128963. Online ahead of print.
The return of H1N1: Reemergence of the influenza virus A subtype H1N1 in 1977
Enikő Hermann[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Florian Krammer[SUP] 2 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Four major influenza pandemics and two notable outbreaks have been recorded since 1900. This paper discusses the history of the 1977 influenza virus A H1N1 outbreak and re-emergence, often referred to as the "Russian flu" or the "red flu". We describe the likely events leading to the outbreak, including a brief history of the 1976 H1N1 outbreak in a military base in the United States. We reconstruct the spread of the H1N1 virus across the globe in 1977-1978 and discuss the epidemiology of the outbreak. We describe the likely origins of this unusual outbreak mainly affecting young people, including opinions and evidence pointing towards an unnatural origin. Finally, we outline the vaccines developed and vaccination campaigns that were carried out to combat the outbreak.
Keywords: 1977; H1N1; Re-emergence; Russian flu; Russian influenza.
. 2026 Aug 18:91:128963.
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128963. Online ahead of print.
The return of H1N1: Reemergence of the influenza virus A subtype H1N1 in 1977
Enikő Hermann[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Florian Krammer[SUP] 2 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 42612464
- DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128963
Four major influenza pandemics and two notable outbreaks have been recorded since 1900. This paper discusses the history of the 1977 influenza virus A H1N1 outbreak and re-emergence, often referred to as the "Russian flu" or the "red flu". We describe the likely events leading to the outbreak, including a brief history of the 1976 H1N1 outbreak in a military base in the United States. We reconstruct the spread of the H1N1 virus across the globe in 1977-1978 and discuss the epidemiology of the outbreak. We describe the likely origins of this unusual outbreak mainly affecting young people, including opinions and evidence pointing towards an unnatural origin. Finally, we outline the vaccines developed and vaccination campaigns that were carried out to combat the outbreak.
Keywords: 1977; H1N1; Re-emergence; Russian flu; Russian influenza.