tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Proceedings of the Royal Society
Published online before print September 14, 2011, doi: 10.1098/rspb.2011.1417
Understanding the ecological drivers of avian influenza virus infection in wildfowl: a continental-scale study across Africa
N. Gaidet1,*,
A. Caron1,
J. Cappelle1,
G. S. Cumming2,
G. Balan?a1,
S. Hammoumi1,
G. Cattoli3,
C. Abolnik4,
R. Servan de Almeida1,
P. Gil1,
S. R. Fereidouni5,
V. Grosbois1,
A. Tran1,
J. Mundava6,
B. Fofana7,
A. B. Ould El Mamy8,
M. Ndlovu2,
J. Y. Mondain-Monval9,
P. Triplet10,11,
W. Hagemeijer12,
W. B. Karesh13,
S. H. Newman14 and
T. Dodman12
+ Author Affiliations
1CIRAD, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France
2Percy FitzPatrick Institute, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
3OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for avian influenza and Newcastle disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
4ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
5Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
6National University of Science and Technology, PO Box 939 Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
7Direction Nationale des Eaux et For?ts du Mali, BP 275 Bamako, Mali
8Centre National d'Elevage et de Recherches V?t?rinaires, BP 167 Nouakchott, Islamic Republic of Mauritania
9Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, CNERA Avifaune Migratrice, Le Sambuc, 13200 Arles, France
10SMBS, 1 Place de l'Amiral Courbet, 80100 Abbeville, France
11Oiseaux Migrateurs du Pal?arctique Occidental, 5 avenue des Chasseurs, 75017 Paris, France
12Wetlands International, PO Box 471, 6700 AL Wageningen, The Netherlands
13EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, NY 10001, USA
14Infectious Disease Group, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, FAO, Rome, Italy
↵*Author for correspondence (nicolas.gaidet@cirad.fr).
Next Section
Abstract
Despite considerable effort for surveillance of wild birds for avian influenza viruses (AIVs), empirical investigations of ecological drivers of AIV prevalence in wild birds are still scarce. Here we used a continental-scale dataset, collected in tropical wetlands of 15 African countries, to test the relative roles of a range of ecological factors on patterns of AIV prevalence in wildfowl. Seasonal and geographical variations in prevalence were positively related to the local density of the wildfowl community and to the wintering period of Eurasian migratory birds in Africa. The predominant influence of wildfowl density with no influence of climatic conditions suggests, in contrast to temperate regions, a predominant role for inter-individual transmission rather than transmission via long-lived virus persisting in the environment. Higher prevalences were found in Anas species than in non-Anas species even when we account for differences in their foraging behaviour (primarily dabbling or not) or their geographical origin (Eurasian or Afro-tropical), suggesting the existence of intrinsic differences between wildfowl taxonomic groups in receptivity to infection. Birds were found infected as often in oropharyngeal as in cloacal samples, but rarely for both types of sample concurrently, indicating that both respiratory and digestive tracts may be important for AIV replication.
full article
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/09/09/rspb.2011.1417.full
Published online before print September 14, 2011, doi: 10.1098/rspb.2011.1417
Understanding the ecological drivers of avian influenza virus infection in wildfowl: a continental-scale study across Africa
N. Gaidet1,*,
A. Caron1,
J. Cappelle1,
G. S. Cumming2,
G. Balan?a1,
S. Hammoumi1,
G. Cattoli3,
C. Abolnik4,
R. Servan de Almeida1,
P. Gil1,
S. R. Fereidouni5,
V. Grosbois1,
A. Tran1,
J. Mundava6,
B. Fofana7,
A. B. Ould El Mamy8,
M. Ndlovu2,
J. Y. Mondain-Monval9,
P. Triplet10,11,
W. Hagemeijer12,
W. B. Karesh13,
S. H. Newman14 and
T. Dodman12
+ Author Affiliations
1CIRAD, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France
2Percy FitzPatrick Institute, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
3OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for avian influenza and Newcastle disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
4ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
5Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
6National University of Science and Technology, PO Box 939 Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
7Direction Nationale des Eaux et For?ts du Mali, BP 275 Bamako, Mali
8Centre National d'Elevage et de Recherches V?t?rinaires, BP 167 Nouakchott, Islamic Republic of Mauritania
9Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, CNERA Avifaune Migratrice, Le Sambuc, 13200 Arles, France
10SMBS, 1 Place de l'Amiral Courbet, 80100 Abbeville, France
11Oiseaux Migrateurs du Pal?arctique Occidental, 5 avenue des Chasseurs, 75017 Paris, France
12Wetlands International, PO Box 471, 6700 AL Wageningen, The Netherlands
13EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, NY 10001, USA
14Infectious Disease Group, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, FAO, Rome, Italy
↵*Author for correspondence (nicolas.gaidet@cirad.fr).
Next Section
Abstract
Despite considerable effort for surveillance of wild birds for avian influenza viruses (AIVs), empirical investigations of ecological drivers of AIV prevalence in wild birds are still scarce. Here we used a continental-scale dataset, collected in tropical wetlands of 15 African countries, to test the relative roles of a range of ecological factors on patterns of AIV prevalence in wildfowl. Seasonal and geographical variations in prevalence were positively related to the local density of the wildfowl community and to the wintering period of Eurasian migratory birds in Africa. The predominant influence of wildfowl density with no influence of climatic conditions suggests, in contrast to temperate regions, a predominant role for inter-individual transmission rather than transmission via long-lived virus persisting in the environment. Higher prevalences were found in Anas species than in non-Anas species even when we account for differences in their foraging behaviour (primarily dabbling or not) or their geographical origin (Eurasian or Afro-tropical), suggesting the existence of intrinsic differences between wildfowl taxonomic groups in receptivity to infection. Birds were found infected as often in oropharyngeal as in cloacal samples, but rarely for both types of sample concurrently, indicating that both respiratory and digestive tracts may be important for AIV replication.
full article
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/09/09/rspb.2011.1417.full