tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Sci Rep
. 2025 Oct 21;15(1):36549.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-19353-4. An exploratory binding study of molnupiravir efficacy against emerging Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants
Faisal Ahmad[SUP] #[/SUP][SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Zarrin Basharat[SUP] #[/SUP][SUP] 1 3 [/SUP], Ayesha Janjua[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Muzammil Hasan Najmi[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Fahad Nasser Almajhdi[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Tajamul Hussain[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Dilber Uzun Ozsahin[SUP] 6 7 8 [/SUP], Yasir Waheed[SUP] 9 10 11 12 [/SUP]
Affiliations
SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome causing coronavirus 2) caused an epidemic that swept the globe and resulted in large number of casualties. It is still sporadically causing cases and has a long-term impact on the health of once infected individuals. Molnupiravir binds RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of SARS-CoV-2 as well as spike protein. In this study, we assessed the mutated spike protein of BA.5 variant and BQ.1.1 subvariant of COVID-19 and tested their binding with it. Multiple sequence and structural alignment of homologous structures revealed highly conserved amino acid residues at the active site of the domain. The molecular docking of Molnupiravir with the active site of the domain, comprised conserved motifs (motif A-G), and exhibited considerable binding affinity against variant and subvariant protein targets. Molnupiravir exhibited stability in its interactions with the Omicron and BQ.1.1 spike proteins, preserving constant engagement within the active site. The protein and Ligand reached An equilibrium with An RMSD of 10.46 Å after 100 nanoseconds, whereas the Ligand measured 8.0 Å. Fluctuations were noted between 40 And 75 nanoseconds, stabilizing from 80 to 100 ns. In simulations including the BQ.1.1 subvariant, the RMSD values demonstrated considerable stability, exhibiting Little variations. The ligand demonstrated flexibility, altering its binding orientation over time, resulting in An average RMSD of 18.72 Å. Herein, investigation of molecular dynamics trajectories elucidated the conformational stability of Molnupiravir, emphasizing its interactions with active residues and the hydrogen bond acceptor and donor environments. The results highlighted the crucial function of protein loops in offering flexibility and enabling ligand binding within the active site. It is concluded that Molnupiravir has the potential to function as an inhibitor of both omicron and its subvariant BQ.1.1.
Keywords: MD simulations; Molecular docking; Molnupiravir; Omicron, BQ.1.1.
. 2025 Oct 21;15(1):36549.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-19353-4. An exploratory binding study of molnupiravir efficacy against emerging Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants
Faisal Ahmad[SUP] #[/SUP][SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Zarrin Basharat[SUP] #[/SUP][SUP] 1 3 [/SUP], Ayesha Janjua[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Muzammil Hasan Najmi[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Fahad Nasser Almajhdi[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Tajamul Hussain[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Dilber Uzun Ozsahin[SUP] 6 7 8 [/SUP], Yasir Waheed[SUP] 9 10 11 12 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 41120355
- PMCID: PMC12540813
- DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-19353-4
SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome causing coronavirus 2) caused an epidemic that swept the globe and resulted in large number of casualties. It is still sporadically causing cases and has a long-term impact on the health of once infected individuals. Molnupiravir binds RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of SARS-CoV-2 as well as spike protein. In this study, we assessed the mutated spike protein of BA.5 variant and BQ.1.1 subvariant of COVID-19 and tested their binding with it. Multiple sequence and structural alignment of homologous structures revealed highly conserved amino acid residues at the active site of the domain. The molecular docking of Molnupiravir with the active site of the domain, comprised conserved motifs (motif A-G), and exhibited considerable binding affinity against variant and subvariant protein targets. Molnupiravir exhibited stability in its interactions with the Omicron and BQ.1.1 spike proteins, preserving constant engagement within the active site. The protein and Ligand reached An equilibrium with An RMSD of 10.46 Å after 100 nanoseconds, whereas the Ligand measured 8.0 Å. Fluctuations were noted between 40 And 75 nanoseconds, stabilizing from 80 to 100 ns. In simulations including the BQ.1.1 subvariant, the RMSD values demonstrated considerable stability, exhibiting Little variations. The ligand demonstrated flexibility, altering its binding orientation over time, resulting in An average RMSD of 18.72 Å. Herein, investigation of molecular dynamics trajectories elucidated the conformational stability of Molnupiravir, emphasizing its interactions with active residues and the hydrogen bond acceptor and donor environments. The results highlighted the crucial function of protein loops in offering flexibility and enabling ligand binding within the active site. It is concluded that Molnupiravir has the potential to function as an inhibitor of both omicron and its subvariant BQ.1.1.
Keywords: MD simulations; Molecular docking; Molnupiravir; Omicron, BQ.1.1.