tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
PLoS One
. 2026 Mar 25;21(3):e0345639.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0345639. eCollection 2026.
Assessment of long COVID symptom burden in patients testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 at a nationwide retail pharmacy
Xiaowu Sun[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Joseph C Cappelleri[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Laura L Lupton[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Mary M Moran[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Santiago M C Lopez[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Laura Puzniak[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Alon Yehoshua[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Manuela Di Fusco[SUP] 4 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Background: Numerous grouping and scoring methodologies have been proposed to assess long COVID symptomatology. One approach is to use symptom count as a simple, quantifiable measure of long COVID symptom burden.
Methods: This was a secondary analysis of a nationwide patient-reported outcomes (PRO) study that recruited symptomatic adults testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 at a Retail Pharmacy in the spring of 2023. EQ-5D-5LTM, work productivity and impairment (WPAI), the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) fatigue, and a long COVID symptom questionnaire were administered at Week 4, Month 3, and Month 6 after testing. Pre-infection EQ-5D-5L, WPAI, PROMIS fatigue were collected via recall. Cronbach's α assessed internal consistency of symptoms. Scree plots determined number of significant factors (symptoms) to retain for analysis. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated between number of symptoms and EQ-5D-5L, WPAI, PROMIS fatigue scores and their changes from pre-COVID baseline. Categorization of long COVID burden using number of symptoms was proposed based on scores via equipercentile linking.
Results: Of 505 patients, mean age was 46.3 years, 70.7% were female. Cronbach's α was 0.865, denoting good internal consistency of the symptom survey instrument. The scree plot supported use of one factor for the composite 30-symptom list. Number of symptoms correlated strongly with EuroQol Utility Index (r = -0.53), presenteeism (r = 0.51), activity impairment (r = 0.51) and fatigue (r = 0.56). Statistically significant differences in mean number of symptoms were found between patients with versus those without problems in any of the 5 domains of the EQ-5-dimensional descriptive system. Based on linked PRO scores, subjects could be classified into low (≤2), medium (3-9), and high (≥10) symptom burden.
Conclusions: Number of long COVID symptoms correlated with validated PRO measures and identified three symptom-based categories of long COVID burden. Number of symptoms is a valid and internally consistent measure to assess long COVID burden in outpatient settings.
. 2026 Mar 25;21(3):e0345639.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0345639. eCollection 2026.
Assessment of long COVID symptom burden in patients testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 at a nationwide retail pharmacy
Xiaowu Sun[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Joseph C Cappelleri[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Laura L Lupton[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Mary M Moran[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Santiago M C Lopez[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Laura Puzniak[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Alon Yehoshua[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Manuela Di Fusco[SUP] 4 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 41880292
- DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0345639
Background: Numerous grouping and scoring methodologies have been proposed to assess long COVID symptomatology. One approach is to use symptom count as a simple, quantifiable measure of long COVID symptom burden.
Methods: This was a secondary analysis of a nationwide patient-reported outcomes (PRO) study that recruited symptomatic adults testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 at a Retail Pharmacy in the spring of 2023. EQ-5D-5LTM, work productivity and impairment (WPAI), the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) fatigue, and a long COVID symptom questionnaire were administered at Week 4, Month 3, and Month 6 after testing. Pre-infection EQ-5D-5L, WPAI, PROMIS fatigue were collected via recall. Cronbach's α assessed internal consistency of symptoms. Scree plots determined number of significant factors (symptoms) to retain for analysis. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated between number of symptoms and EQ-5D-5L, WPAI, PROMIS fatigue scores and their changes from pre-COVID baseline. Categorization of long COVID burden using number of symptoms was proposed based on scores via equipercentile linking.
Results: Of 505 patients, mean age was 46.3 years, 70.7% were female. Cronbach's α was 0.865, denoting good internal consistency of the symptom survey instrument. The scree plot supported use of one factor for the composite 30-symptom list. Number of symptoms correlated strongly with EuroQol Utility Index (r = -0.53), presenteeism (r = 0.51), activity impairment (r = 0.51) and fatigue (r = 0.56). Statistically significant differences in mean number of symptoms were found between patients with versus those without problems in any of the 5 domains of the EQ-5-dimensional descriptive system. Based on linked PRO scores, subjects could be classified into low (≤2), medium (3-9), and high (≥10) symptom burden.
Conclusions: Number of long COVID symptoms correlated with validated PRO measures and identified three symptom-based categories of long COVID burden. Number of symptoms is a valid and internally consistent measure to assess long COVID burden in outpatient settings.