Giuseppe
Emeritus
Leptospirosis in India [GIDEON]
Time and Place:
Most outbreaks of leptospirosis are reported in coastal regions: Gujarat, Mumbai, Kerala, Chennai and the Andaman Islands.
- High rates have been reported from Valsad district (Gujurat) for several years.
- Outbreaks of ?Andaman hemorrhagic fever? were first reported in 1988, and identified as leptospirosis in 1993.
- Highest rates occur during October to November.
Prevalence surveys:
22.57% of FUO in Guwahti, Assam (2008 publication)
3.2% of febrile patients and 7.0% of febrile patients with jaundice in Delhi (1966). 32 cases were confirmed in the region during 2000 to 2001.
23.81% of patients hospitalized for febrile jaundice in Kolkata.
Seroprevalence surveys:
8.8% in Chandigarh
21.74% in Varanasi.
16.6% of sewer workers in Pune (2004 publication)
19.1% of tribal peoples on the Nicobar and Andaman Islands - highest rates among the Shompens = 53.5% (1999 publication)
23.6% of schoolchildren on the Nicobar and Andaman Islands (2004 publication)
62.5% of agricultural workers, 39.4% of sewage workers, 37.5% of animal handlers, 27.3% of forest workers and 30.0% of butchers in the Andaman Islands (2006 publication)
32.73% of patients with FUO, 35.71% of farm workers, 39.47% of hepatitis patients and 0% of controls (Maharashtra, 2007 publication)
58% of rats in Madurai, Tamil Nadu (2007 publication)
The principal reservoirs in this country are rats, pigs, cattle, bandicoots, dogs and cats.
Infecting serovars:
The principal strains are Leptospira interrogans serovars. icterohaemorrhagiae, automnalis, pyrogenes, grippotyphosa, canicola, australis, javanica, sejroe, louisiana and pomona
- Serovars automnalis and icterohaemorrhagiae have been reported from the mainland.
- A single infection by serovar. javanica was reported in Madras in 1996 - the latter had previously been found only in bandicoots (Bandikota bengalensis).
- Leptospira interrogans serovar. Valbuzzi has been identified as a cause of hemorrhagic pneumonia in the Andaman Islands.
- Leptospira interrogans sensu stricto is the predominant infecting species in the Andaman islands. (2007 publication)
Notable outbreaks:
1986 (publication year) - An outbreak of Weil?s disease was reported in a food-fad commune.
1992 (publication year) - An outbreak (48 cases) in Madras followed a monsoon.
1993 - An outbreak (18 cases) of leptospirosis with pulmonary involvement was reported in north Andaman. This was the first report of pulmonary leptospirosis in India.
1997 - An outbreak (1,127 confirmed cases) was reported in Madras - 40.2% of these Leptospira interrogans serovar. icterohaemorrhagiae, 20.0% serovar. canicola and 14.9% serovar. automnalis.
1997 - Outbreaks (562 cases, total) were reported in Valsad (281 cases, 34 fatal) and Surat (281 cases, 34 fatal).
1999 - An outbreak (143 suspect cases, 28 confirmed cases, 11 fatal) in Orissa followed a cyclone. Serovars pomona, hebdomadis and canicola were identified.
2000 - An outbreak (18 children) in Mumbai followed local flooding.
2002 - An outbreak (16 fatal cases) was reported in south Gujarat.
2002 - Concrent outbreaks of leptospirosis and dengue were reported in Mumbai.
2002 (publication year) - An outbreak (74 cases) of Leptospira interrogans serovar. copenhageni infection was reported in Mumbai.
2002 - An outbreak (143 cases, 11 fatal) of Leptospira interrogans serovars. canicola, pomona and hebdomadis infection was reported in Orissa.
2003 - An outbreak (27 fatal cases and 177 under treatment) involved 131 villages in South Gujarat.
2003 (publication year) - An outbreak was reported in a nurses? hostel in Chennai.
2004 - An outbreak (550 cases, 75 fatal) of suspected leptospirosis was reported in South Gujarat.
2005 - An outbreak (100 or more fatal cases) of suspected leptospirosis was reported in the area of Mumbai following local flooding.
2005 - An outbreak (49 cases) in Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh was caused by contact with stagnant water.
2006 - An outbreak (258 cases) was reported in Karnatka.
2006 - An outbreak (11 cases, 1 fatal) was reported in Kerala.
2006 - An outbreak (150 cases or more, at least 60 fatal) was reported in Maharashtra.
2007 (publication year) - An outbreak (1,516 cases) was reported in Karnataka State.
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View Original Article
Time and Place:
Most outbreaks of leptospirosis are reported in coastal regions: Gujarat, Mumbai, Kerala, Chennai and the Andaman Islands.
- High rates have been reported from Valsad district (Gujurat) for several years.
- Outbreaks of ?Andaman hemorrhagic fever? were first reported in 1988, and identified as leptospirosis in 1993.
- Highest rates occur during October to November.
Prevalence surveys:
22.57% of FUO in Guwahti, Assam (2008 publication)
3.2% of febrile patients and 7.0% of febrile patients with jaundice in Delhi (1966). 32 cases were confirmed in the region during 2000 to 2001.
23.81% of patients hospitalized for febrile jaundice in Kolkata.
Seroprevalence surveys:
8.8% in Chandigarh
21.74% in Varanasi.
16.6% of sewer workers in Pune (2004 publication)
19.1% of tribal peoples on the Nicobar and Andaman Islands - highest rates among the Shompens = 53.5% (1999 publication)
23.6% of schoolchildren on the Nicobar and Andaman Islands (2004 publication)
62.5% of agricultural workers, 39.4% of sewage workers, 37.5% of animal handlers, 27.3% of forest workers and 30.0% of butchers in the Andaman Islands (2006 publication)
32.73% of patients with FUO, 35.71% of farm workers, 39.47% of hepatitis patients and 0% of controls (Maharashtra, 2007 publication)
58% of rats in Madurai, Tamil Nadu (2007 publication)
The principal reservoirs in this country are rats, pigs, cattle, bandicoots, dogs and cats.
Infecting serovars:
The principal strains are Leptospira interrogans serovars. icterohaemorrhagiae, automnalis, pyrogenes, grippotyphosa, canicola, australis, javanica, sejroe, louisiana and pomona
- Serovars automnalis and icterohaemorrhagiae have been reported from the mainland.
- A single infection by serovar. javanica was reported in Madras in 1996 - the latter had previously been found only in bandicoots (Bandikota bengalensis).
- Leptospira interrogans serovar. Valbuzzi has been identified as a cause of hemorrhagic pneumonia in the Andaman Islands.
- Leptospira interrogans sensu stricto is the predominant infecting species in the Andaman islands. (2007 publication)
Notable outbreaks:
1986 (publication year) - An outbreak of Weil?s disease was reported in a food-fad commune.
1992 (publication year) - An outbreak (48 cases) in Madras followed a monsoon.
1993 - An outbreak (18 cases) of leptospirosis with pulmonary involvement was reported in north Andaman. This was the first report of pulmonary leptospirosis in India.
1997 - An outbreak (1,127 confirmed cases) was reported in Madras - 40.2% of these Leptospira interrogans serovar. icterohaemorrhagiae, 20.0% serovar. canicola and 14.9% serovar. automnalis.
1997 - Outbreaks (562 cases, total) were reported in Valsad (281 cases, 34 fatal) and Surat (281 cases, 34 fatal).
1999 - An outbreak (143 suspect cases, 28 confirmed cases, 11 fatal) in Orissa followed a cyclone. Serovars pomona, hebdomadis and canicola were identified.
2000 - An outbreak (18 children) in Mumbai followed local flooding.
2002 - An outbreak (16 fatal cases) was reported in south Gujarat.
2002 - Concrent outbreaks of leptospirosis and dengue were reported in Mumbai.
2002 (publication year) - An outbreak (74 cases) of Leptospira interrogans serovar. copenhageni infection was reported in Mumbai.
2002 - An outbreak (143 cases, 11 fatal) of Leptospira interrogans serovars. canicola, pomona and hebdomadis infection was reported in Orissa.
2003 - An outbreak (27 fatal cases and 177 under treatment) involved 131 villages in South Gujarat.
2003 (publication year) - An outbreak was reported in a nurses? hostel in Chennai.
2004 - An outbreak (550 cases, 75 fatal) of suspected leptospirosis was reported in South Gujarat.
2005 - An outbreak (100 or more fatal cases) of suspected leptospirosis was reported in the area of Mumbai following local flooding.
2005 - An outbreak (49 cases) in Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh was caused by contact with stagnant water.
2006 - An outbreak (258 cases) was reported in Karnatka.
2006 - An outbreak (11 cases, 1 fatal) was reported in Kerala.
2006 - An outbreak (150 cases or more, at least 60 fatal) was reported in Maharashtra.
2007 (publication year) - An outbreak (1,516 cases) was reported in Karnataka State.
-
View Original Article