tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
J Med Virol
. 2022 Nov 29.
doi: 10.1002/jmv.28354. Online ahead of print.
Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions Reduce the Incidence, and Mortality of COVID-19: A Study based on the Survey from the International COVID-19 Research Network (ICRN)
Seung Hyun Park[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Sung Hwi Hong[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Kwanghyun Kim[SUP] 2 3 [/SUP], Seung Won Lee[SUP] 4 5 [/SUP], Dong Keon Yon[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Sun Jae Jung[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Ziad Abdeen[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Mohamed Lemine Cheikh Brahim Ahmed[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Abdulwahed Al Serouri[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Waleed Al-Herz[SUP] 10 [/SUP], Kannan Subbaram[SUP] 11 [/SUP], P Shaik Syed[SUP] 11 [/SUP], Sheeza Ali[SUP] 11 [/SUP], Kosar Ali[SUP] 12 [/SUP], Humaid O Al-Shamsi[SUP] 13 [/SUP], Oidov Baatarkhuu[SUP] 14 [/SUP], Henning Bay Nielsen[SUP] 15 16 [/SUP], Enrico Bernini-Carri[SUP] 17 [/SUP], Anastasiia Bondarenko[SUP] 18 [/SUP], Ayun Cassell[SUP] 19 [/SUP], Akway Cham[SUP] 20 [/SUP], Melvin Lk Chua[SUP] 21 22 [/SUP], Sufia Dadabhai[SUP] 23 [/SUP], Tchin Darre[SUP] 24 [/SUP], Hayk Davtyan[SUP] 25 [/SUP], Elena Dragioti[SUP] 26 [/SUP], Barbora East[SUP] 27 [/SUP], R Jeffrey Edwards[SUP] 28 [/SUP], Martina Ferioli[SUP] 29 30 [/SUP], Tsvetoslav Georgiev[SUP] 31 [/SUP], Lilian Ghandour[SUP] 32 [/SUP], Harapan Harapan[SUP] 33 [/SUP], Po-Ren Hsueh[SUP] 34 [/SUP], Aamer Ikram[SUP] 35 [/SUP], Shigeru Inoue[SUP] 36 [/SUP], Louis Jacob[SUP] 37 38 [/SUP], Slobodan Janković[SUP] 39 [/SUP], Umesh Jayarajah[SUP] 40 [/SUP], Milos Jesenak[SUP] 41 [/SUP], Pramath Kakodkar[SUP] 42 [/SUP], Nathan Kapata[SUP] 43 [/SUP], Yohannes Kebede[SUP] 44 [/SUP], Yousef Khader[SUP] 45 [/SUP], Meron Kifle[SUP] 46 [/SUP], David Koh[SUP] 47 [/SUP], Višnja Kokić Maleš[SUP] 48 [/SUP], Katarzyna Kotfis[SUP] 49 [/SUP], Ai Koyanagi[SUP] 50 [/SUP], James-Paul Kretchy[SUP] 51 [/SUP], Sulaiman Lakoh[SUP] 52 [/SUP], Jinhee Lee[SUP] 53 [/SUP], Jun Young Lee[SUP] 53 [/SUP], Maria da Luz Lima Mendonça[SUP] 54 [/SUP], Lowell Ling[SUP] 55 [/SUP], Jorge Llibre-Guerra[SUP] 56 [/SUP], Masaki Machida[SUP] 36 [/SUP], Richard Makurumidze[SUP] 57 [/SUP], Saad Mallah[SUP] 58 [/SUP], Ziad A Memish[SUP] 59 [/SUP], Ivan Mendoza[SUP] 60 [/SUP], Sergey Moiseev[SUP] 61 [/SUP], Thomas Nadasdy[SUP] 62 [/SUP], Chen Nahshon[SUP] 63 [/SUP], Silvio A Ñamendys-Silva[SUP] 64 [/SUP], Blaise Nguendo Yongsi[SUP] 65 [/SUP], Amalea Dulcene Nicolasora[SUP] 66 [/SUP], Zhamilya Nugmanova[SUP] 67 [/SUP], Hans Oh[SUP] 68 [/SUP], Atte Oksanen[SUP] 69 [/SUP], Oluwatomi Owopetu[SUP] 70 [/SUP], Zeynep Ozge Ozguler[SUP] 71 [/SUP], Gonzalo Emanuel Perez[SUP] 72 [/SUP], Krit Pongpirul[SUP] 73 [/SUP], Marius Rademaker[SUP] 74 [/SUP], Nemanja Radojevic[SUP] 75 [/SUP], Anna Roca[SUP] 76 [/SUP], Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales[SUP] 77 78 [/SUP], Sandro G Viveiros Rosa[SUP] 79 [/SUP], Enver Roshi[SUP] 80 [/SUP], Khwaja Mir Islam Saeed[SUP] 81 [/SUP], Ranjit Sah[SUP] 82 [/SUP], Boris Sakakushev[SUP] 83 84 85 [/SUP], Dina Ebrahem Sallam[SUP] 86 [/SUP], Brijesh Sathian[SUP] 87 [/SUP], Patrick Schober[SUP] 88 [/SUP], Zoran Simonović[SUP] 89 [/SUP], Tanu Singhal[SUP] 90 [/SUP], Natia Skhvitaridze[SUP] 91 [/SUP], Marco Solmi[SUP] 92 93 94 95 [/SUP], Kalthoum Tizaoui[SUP] 96 [/SUP], John Thato Tlhakanelo[SUP] 97 [/SUP], Julio Torales[SUP] 98 [/SUP], Smith Torres-Roman[SUP] 99 [/SUP], Dimitrios Tsartsalis[SUP] 100 [/SUP], Jadamba Tsolmon[SUP] 101 [/SUP], Duarte Nuno Vieira[SUP] 102 [/SUP], Guy Wanghi[SUP] 103 [/SUP], Uwe Wollina[SUP] 104 [/SUP], Ren-He Xu[SUP] 105 [/SUP], Lin Yang[SUP] 106 [/SUP], Kashif Zia[SUP] 107 [/SUP], Muharem Zildzic[SUP] 108 [/SUP], Jae Il Shin[SUP] 109 [/SUP], Lee Smith[SUP] 110 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Abstract
Background: The recently emerged novel coronavirus, "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)", caused a highly contagious disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It has severely damaged the world's most developed countries and has turned into a major threat for low- and middle-income countries. Since its emergence in late 2019, medical interventions have been substantial, and most countries relied on public health measures collectively known as nonpharmaceutical interventions.
Aims: To centralize the accumulative knowledge on non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) against COVID-19 for each country under one worldwide consortium.
Methods: International COVID-19 Research Network collaborators developed a cross-sectional online-survey to assess the implications of NPIs and sanitary supply on incidence and mortality of COVID-19. Survey was conducted between January 1 and February 1, 2021, and participants from 92 countries/territories completed it. The association between NPIs, sanitation supplies and incidence and mortality were examined by multivariate regression, with log-transformed value of population as an offset value.
Results: Majority of countries/territories applied several preventive strategies including social distancing (100.0%), quarantine (100.0%), isolation (98.9%), and school closure (97.8%). Individual-level preventive measures such as personal hygiene (100.0%) and wearing facial mask (94.6% at hospital; 93.5% at mass transportation; 91.3% in mass gathering facilities) were also frequently applied. Quarantine at a designated place was negatively associated with incidence and mortality compared to home quarantine. Isolation at a designated place was also associated with reduced mortality compared to home isolation. Recommendations to use sanitizer for personal hygiene reduced incidence compared to recommendation to use soap did. Deprivation of mask was associated with increased incidence. Higher incidence and mortality were found in countries/territories with higher economic level. Mask deprivation was pervasive regardless of economic level.
Conclusion: NPIs against COVID-19 such as using sanitizer, quarantine, and isolation can decrease incidence and mortality of COVID-19. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Keywords: COVID-19; Isolation; Mask; Non-pharmacologic interventions; Quarantine; Sanitizer.
. 2022 Nov 29.
doi: 10.1002/jmv.28354. Online ahead of print.
Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions Reduce the Incidence, and Mortality of COVID-19: A Study based on the Survey from the International COVID-19 Research Network (ICRN)
Seung Hyun Park[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Sung Hwi Hong[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Kwanghyun Kim[SUP] 2 3 [/SUP], Seung Won Lee[SUP] 4 5 [/SUP], Dong Keon Yon[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Sun Jae Jung[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Ziad Abdeen[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Mohamed Lemine Cheikh Brahim Ahmed[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Abdulwahed Al Serouri[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Waleed Al-Herz[SUP] 10 [/SUP], Kannan Subbaram[SUP] 11 [/SUP], P Shaik Syed[SUP] 11 [/SUP], Sheeza Ali[SUP] 11 [/SUP], Kosar Ali[SUP] 12 [/SUP], Humaid O Al-Shamsi[SUP] 13 [/SUP], Oidov Baatarkhuu[SUP] 14 [/SUP], Henning Bay Nielsen[SUP] 15 16 [/SUP], Enrico Bernini-Carri[SUP] 17 [/SUP], Anastasiia Bondarenko[SUP] 18 [/SUP], Ayun Cassell[SUP] 19 [/SUP], Akway Cham[SUP] 20 [/SUP], Melvin Lk Chua[SUP] 21 22 [/SUP], Sufia Dadabhai[SUP] 23 [/SUP], Tchin Darre[SUP] 24 [/SUP], Hayk Davtyan[SUP] 25 [/SUP], Elena Dragioti[SUP] 26 [/SUP], Barbora East[SUP] 27 [/SUP], R Jeffrey Edwards[SUP] 28 [/SUP], Martina Ferioli[SUP] 29 30 [/SUP], Tsvetoslav Georgiev[SUP] 31 [/SUP], Lilian Ghandour[SUP] 32 [/SUP], Harapan Harapan[SUP] 33 [/SUP], Po-Ren Hsueh[SUP] 34 [/SUP], Aamer Ikram[SUP] 35 [/SUP], Shigeru Inoue[SUP] 36 [/SUP], Louis Jacob[SUP] 37 38 [/SUP], Slobodan Janković[SUP] 39 [/SUP], Umesh Jayarajah[SUP] 40 [/SUP], Milos Jesenak[SUP] 41 [/SUP], Pramath Kakodkar[SUP] 42 [/SUP], Nathan Kapata[SUP] 43 [/SUP], Yohannes Kebede[SUP] 44 [/SUP], Yousef Khader[SUP] 45 [/SUP], Meron Kifle[SUP] 46 [/SUP], David Koh[SUP] 47 [/SUP], Višnja Kokić Maleš[SUP] 48 [/SUP], Katarzyna Kotfis[SUP] 49 [/SUP], Ai Koyanagi[SUP] 50 [/SUP], James-Paul Kretchy[SUP] 51 [/SUP], Sulaiman Lakoh[SUP] 52 [/SUP], Jinhee Lee[SUP] 53 [/SUP], Jun Young Lee[SUP] 53 [/SUP], Maria da Luz Lima Mendonça[SUP] 54 [/SUP], Lowell Ling[SUP] 55 [/SUP], Jorge Llibre-Guerra[SUP] 56 [/SUP], Masaki Machida[SUP] 36 [/SUP], Richard Makurumidze[SUP] 57 [/SUP], Saad Mallah[SUP] 58 [/SUP], Ziad A Memish[SUP] 59 [/SUP], Ivan Mendoza[SUP] 60 [/SUP], Sergey Moiseev[SUP] 61 [/SUP], Thomas Nadasdy[SUP] 62 [/SUP], Chen Nahshon[SUP] 63 [/SUP], Silvio A Ñamendys-Silva[SUP] 64 [/SUP], Blaise Nguendo Yongsi[SUP] 65 [/SUP], Amalea Dulcene Nicolasora[SUP] 66 [/SUP], Zhamilya Nugmanova[SUP] 67 [/SUP], Hans Oh[SUP] 68 [/SUP], Atte Oksanen[SUP] 69 [/SUP], Oluwatomi Owopetu[SUP] 70 [/SUP], Zeynep Ozge Ozguler[SUP] 71 [/SUP], Gonzalo Emanuel Perez[SUP] 72 [/SUP], Krit Pongpirul[SUP] 73 [/SUP], Marius Rademaker[SUP] 74 [/SUP], Nemanja Radojevic[SUP] 75 [/SUP], Anna Roca[SUP] 76 [/SUP], Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales[SUP] 77 78 [/SUP], Sandro G Viveiros Rosa[SUP] 79 [/SUP], Enver Roshi[SUP] 80 [/SUP], Khwaja Mir Islam Saeed[SUP] 81 [/SUP], Ranjit Sah[SUP] 82 [/SUP], Boris Sakakushev[SUP] 83 84 85 [/SUP], Dina Ebrahem Sallam[SUP] 86 [/SUP], Brijesh Sathian[SUP] 87 [/SUP], Patrick Schober[SUP] 88 [/SUP], Zoran Simonović[SUP] 89 [/SUP], Tanu Singhal[SUP] 90 [/SUP], Natia Skhvitaridze[SUP] 91 [/SUP], Marco Solmi[SUP] 92 93 94 95 [/SUP], Kalthoum Tizaoui[SUP] 96 [/SUP], John Thato Tlhakanelo[SUP] 97 [/SUP], Julio Torales[SUP] 98 [/SUP], Smith Torres-Roman[SUP] 99 [/SUP], Dimitrios Tsartsalis[SUP] 100 [/SUP], Jadamba Tsolmon[SUP] 101 [/SUP], Duarte Nuno Vieira[SUP] 102 [/SUP], Guy Wanghi[SUP] 103 [/SUP], Uwe Wollina[SUP] 104 [/SUP], Ren-He Xu[SUP] 105 [/SUP], Lin Yang[SUP] 106 [/SUP], Kashif Zia[SUP] 107 [/SUP], Muharem Zildzic[SUP] 108 [/SUP], Jae Il Shin[SUP] 109 [/SUP], Lee Smith[SUP] 110 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 36447130
- DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28354
Abstract
Background: The recently emerged novel coronavirus, "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)", caused a highly contagious disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It has severely damaged the world's most developed countries and has turned into a major threat for low- and middle-income countries. Since its emergence in late 2019, medical interventions have been substantial, and most countries relied on public health measures collectively known as nonpharmaceutical interventions.
Aims: To centralize the accumulative knowledge on non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) against COVID-19 for each country under one worldwide consortium.
Methods: International COVID-19 Research Network collaborators developed a cross-sectional online-survey to assess the implications of NPIs and sanitary supply on incidence and mortality of COVID-19. Survey was conducted between January 1 and February 1, 2021, and participants from 92 countries/territories completed it. The association between NPIs, sanitation supplies and incidence and mortality were examined by multivariate regression, with log-transformed value of population as an offset value.
Results: Majority of countries/territories applied several preventive strategies including social distancing (100.0%), quarantine (100.0%), isolation (98.9%), and school closure (97.8%). Individual-level preventive measures such as personal hygiene (100.0%) and wearing facial mask (94.6% at hospital; 93.5% at mass transportation; 91.3% in mass gathering facilities) were also frequently applied. Quarantine at a designated place was negatively associated with incidence and mortality compared to home quarantine. Isolation at a designated place was also associated with reduced mortality compared to home isolation. Recommendations to use sanitizer for personal hygiene reduced incidence compared to recommendation to use soap did. Deprivation of mask was associated with increased incidence. Higher incidence and mortality were found in countries/territories with higher economic level. Mask deprivation was pervasive regardless of economic level.
Conclusion: NPIs against COVID-19 such as using sanitizer, quarantine, and isolation can decrease incidence and mortality of COVID-19. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Keywords: COVID-19; Isolation; Mask; Non-pharmacologic interventions; Quarantine; Sanitizer.