tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
J Clin Med
. 2022 Jan 14;11(2):413.
doi: 10.3390/jcm11020413.
Female Sex Is a Risk Factor Associated with Long-Term Post-COVID Related-Symptoms but Not with COVID-19 Symptoms: The LONG-COVID-EXP-CM Multicenter Study
César Fernández-de-Las-Peñas[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], José D Martín-Guerrero[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Óscar J Pellicer-Valero[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Esperanza Navarro-Pardo[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Víctor Gómez-Mayordomo[SUP] 5 [/SUP], María L Cuadrado[SUP] 5 6 [/SUP], José A Arias-Navalón[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Margarita Cigarán-Méndez[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Valentín Hernández-Barrera[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Lars Arendt-Nielsen[SUP] 2 10 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Abstract
This multicenter cohort study investigated the differences between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related symptoms and post-COVID symptoms between male and female COVID-19 survivors. Clinical and hospitalization data were collected from hospital medical records in a sample of individuals recovered from COVID-19 at five public hospitals in Spain. A predefined list of post-COVID symptoms was systematically assessed, but patients were free to report any symptom. Anxiety/depressive levels and sleep quality were also assessed. Adjusted multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify the association of sex with post-COVID related-symptoms. A total of 1969 individuals (age: 61, SD: 16 years, 46.4% women) were assessed 8.4 months after discharge. No overall significant sex differences in COVID-19 onset symptoms at hospital admission were found. Post-COVID symptoms were present in up to 60% of hospitalized COVID-19 survivors eight months after the infection. The number of post-COVID symptoms was 2.25 for females and 1.5 for males. After adjusting by all variables, female sex was associated with ≥3 post-COVID symptoms (adj OR 2.54, 95%CI 1.671-3.865, p < 0.001), the presence of post-COVID fatigue (adj OR 1.514, 95%CI 1.040-2.205), dyspnea (rest: adj OR 1.428, 95%CI 1.081-1.886, exertion: adj OR 1.409, 95%CI 1.109-1.791), pain (adj OR 1.349, 95%CI 1.059-1.720), hair loss (adj OR 4.529, 95%CI 2.784-7.368), ocular problems (adj OR 1.981, 95%CI 1.185-3.312), depressive levels (adj OR 1.606, 95%CI 1.002-2.572) and worse sleep quality (adj OR 1.634, 95%CI 1.097-2.434). Female sex was a risk factor for the development of some long-term post-COVID symptoms including mood disorders. Healthcare systems should consider sex differences in the management of long haulers.
Keywords: COVID-19; fatigue; female; post-COVID; risk factors; sex; symptoms.
. 2022 Jan 14;11(2):413.
doi: 10.3390/jcm11020413.
Female Sex Is a Risk Factor Associated with Long-Term Post-COVID Related-Symptoms but Not with COVID-19 Symptoms: The LONG-COVID-EXP-CM Multicenter Study
César Fernández-de-Las-Peñas[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], José D Martín-Guerrero[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Óscar J Pellicer-Valero[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Esperanza Navarro-Pardo[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Víctor Gómez-Mayordomo[SUP] 5 [/SUP], María L Cuadrado[SUP] 5 6 [/SUP], José A Arias-Navalón[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Margarita Cigarán-Méndez[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Valentín Hernández-Barrera[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Lars Arendt-Nielsen[SUP] 2 10 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 35054108
- DOI: 10.3390/jcm11020413
Abstract
This multicenter cohort study investigated the differences between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related symptoms and post-COVID symptoms between male and female COVID-19 survivors. Clinical and hospitalization data were collected from hospital medical records in a sample of individuals recovered from COVID-19 at five public hospitals in Spain. A predefined list of post-COVID symptoms was systematically assessed, but patients were free to report any symptom. Anxiety/depressive levels and sleep quality were also assessed. Adjusted multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify the association of sex with post-COVID related-symptoms. A total of 1969 individuals (age: 61, SD: 16 years, 46.4% women) were assessed 8.4 months after discharge. No overall significant sex differences in COVID-19 onset symptoms at hospital admission were found. Post-COVID symptoms were present in up to 60% of hospitalized COVID-19 survivors eight months after the infection. The number of post-COVID symptoms was 2.25 for females and 1.5 for males. After adjusting by all variables, female sex was associated with ≥3 post-COVID symptoms (adj OR 2.54, 95%CI 1.671-3.865, p < 0.001), the presence of post-COVID fatigue (adj OR 1.514, 95%CI 1.040-2.205), dyspnea (rest: adj OR 1.428, 95%CI 1.081-1.886, exertion: adj OR 1.409, 95%CI 1.109-1.791), pain (adj OR 1.349, 95%CI 1.059-1.720), hair loss (adj OR 4.529, 95%CI 2.784-7.368), ocular problems (adj OR 1.981, 95%CI 1.185-3.312), depressive levels (adj OR 1.606, 95%CI 1.002-2.572) and worse sleep quality (adj OR 1.634, 95%CI 1.097-2.434). Female sex was a risk factor for the development of some long-term post-COVID symptoms including mood disorders. Healthcare systems should consider sex differences in the management of long haulers.
Keywords: COVID-19; fatigue; female; post-COVID; risk factors; sex; symptoms.