Mary Wilson
Well-known member
Is monkeypox another reemerging viral zoonosis with many animal hosts yet to be defined?
Veterinary Quarterly
Volume 42, 2022 - Issue 1
19 Jun 2022
https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2022.2088881
D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana & Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
Again, the world is witnessing a disease caused by a member of an old group of viruses that may go into the spillover from animal species to humans (Bezerra-Santos et al. 2021). In 2022, the monkeypox virus (MPXV), an Orthopoxvirus (family Poxviridae), is causing a multi-country outbreak in almost all the continents outside Africa, which has been endemic since its discovery in humans in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo (León-Figueroa et al. 2022).
Up to June 15, 2022, 2027 cases of human MPXV infections have been confirmed in more than 35 countries across Europe, North America, Latin America, the Middle East, and the Pacific regions (WHO 2022). Besides the initial description of the virus, among cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), in Denmark in the summer of 1958 (Magnus et al. 1959), and the 2003 United States of America (USA) outbreak associated with the illegal trade of prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) from Africa (Reed et al. 2004), both related to animal-to-human transmission; no animals have been implicated in the transmission or description of human cases outside Africa, that have been reported especially after the 2017-2018 Nigeria outbreak with imported cases mainly in the United Kingdom (UK), Singapore and USA (Rodríguez-Morales et al. 2022).
Before the current outbreak of MPXV, it was well-known that this is a zoonotic disease, with its pathogen found in multiple mammals in Africa, especially rodents, including Cynomys spp., but also the Gambian pouched rats (Cricetomys gambianus) (which was implicated in the 2003 US outbreak, as the imported prairie dogs were previously housed with these rats) (Falendysz et al. 2015, Parker and Buller 2013). In addition, species of Funisciurus (squirrels), Heliosciurus (squirrels), Oenomys (rufous-nosed rats), Graphiurus (African dormice), Cricetomys have been seropositive to MPXV (Doty et al. 2017). Other mammals, such as Sus scrofa (domestic pig) and the Macaca mulatta(rhesus macaque), are also susceptible animals to MPXV infection (Hutin et al. 2001, Schmitt et al. 2014). But many others would be implicated. MPXV has been already considered a neglected pathogen (Cohen 2022), and a lack of research on it has been recently demonstrated (Rodríguez-Morales et al. 2022).
From the animal perspective, many questions must be addressed in addition to a more straightforward definition of the broad spectrum of susceptible hosts, and natural and experimental infections, among others. But even its origin. Monkeypox is a disease described in Europe, not in Africa. MPXV was identified in 1958 in Copenhagen, Denmark, during two outbreaks in cynomolgus monkeys used for polio vaccine research (Magnus et al. 1959, Parker and Buller 2013). Those monkeys were imported from Singapore. Those animals developed vesiculopustular skin eruptions observed over the entire trunk, tail, face, limbs, palms of the hands and feet soles of the feet (Bezerra-Santos et al. 2021, WHO 2022). Does the MPXV come from Singapore? By the way, Singapore has reported imported cases of MPXV (Yong et al. 2020). After 1958, other reports of MPXV among colonies of captive monkeys were also described in the USA (1959 and 1962) and Rotterdam Zoo, the Netherlands (1964) (Parker and Buller 2013). ...
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1...6.2022.2088881
Veterinary Quarterly
Volume 42, 2022 - Issue 1
19 Jun 2022
https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2022.2088881
D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana & Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
Again, the world is witnessing a disease caused by a member of an old group of viruses that may go into the spillover from animal species to humans (Bezerra-Santos et al. 2021). In 2022, the monkeypox virus (MPXV), an Orthopoxvirus (family Poxviridae), is causing a multi-country outbreak in almost all the continents outside Africa, which has been endemic since its discovery in humans in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo (León-Figueroa et al. 2022).
Up to June 15, 2022, 2027 cases of human MPXV infections have been confirmed in more than 35 countries across Europe, North America, Latin America, the Middle East, and the Pacific regions (WHO 2022). Besides the initial description of the virus, among cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), in Denmark in the summer of 1958 (Magnus et al. 1959), and the 2003 United States of America (USA) outbreak associated with the illegal trade of prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) from Africa (Reed et al. 2004), both related to animal-to-human transmission; no animals have been implicated in the transmission or description of human cases outside Africa, that have been reported especially after the 2017-2018 Nigeria outbreak with imported cases mainly in the United Kingdom (UK), Singapore and USA (Rodríguez-Morales et al. 2022).
Before the current outbreak of MPXV, it was well-known that this is a zoonotic disease, with its pathogen found in multiple mammals in Africa, especially rodents, including Cynomys spp., but also the Gambian pouched rats (Cricetomys gambianus) (which was implicated in the 2003 US outbreak, as the imported prairie dogs were previously housed with these rats) (Falendysz et al. 2015, Parker and Buller 2013). In addition, species of Funisciurus (squirrels), Heliosciurus (squirrels), Oenomys (rufous-nosed rats), Graphiurus (African dormice), Cricetomys have been seropositive to MPXV (Doty et al. 2017). Other mammals, such as Sus scrofa (domestic pig) and the Macaca mulatta(rhesus macaque), are also susceptible animals to MPXV infection (Hutin et al. 2001, Schmitt et al. 2014). But many others would be implicated. MPXV has been already considered a neglected pathogen (Cohen 2022), and a lack of research on it has been recently demonstrated (Rodríguez-Morales et al. 2022).
From the animal perspective, many questions must be addressed in addition to a more straightforward definition of the broad spectrum of susceptible hosts, and natural and experimental infections, among others. But even its origin. Monkeypox is a disease described in Europe, not in Africa. MPXV was identified in 1958 in Copenhagen, Denmark, during two outbreaks in cynomolgus monkeys used for polio vaccine research (Magnus et al. 1959, Parker and Buller 2013). Those monkeys were imported from Singapore. Those animals developed vesiculopustular skin eruptions observed over the entire trunk, tail, face, limbs, palms of the hands and feet soles of the feet (Bezerra-Santos et al. 2021, WHO 2022). Does the MPXV come from Singapore? By the way, Singapore has reported imported cases of MPXV (Yong et al. 2020). After 1958, other reports of MPXV among colonies of captive monkeys were also described in the USA (1959 and 1962) and Rotterdam Zoo, the Netherlands (1964) (Parker and Buller 2013). ...
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1...6.2022.2088881