tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Int J Epidemiol
. 2021 Oct 30;dyab217.
doi: 10.1093/ije/dyab217. Online ahead of print.
Estimated SARS-CoV-2 infection rate and fatality risk in Gauteng Province, South Africa: a population-based seroepidemiological survey
Portia Chipo Mutevedzi[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Mary Kawonga[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Gaurav Kwatra[SUP] 1 3 4 [/SUP], Andrew Moultrie[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Vicky Baillie[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Nicoletta Mabena[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Masego Nicole Mathibe[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Martin Mosotho Rafuma[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Innocent Maposa[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Geoff Abbott[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Janie Hugo[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Bridget Ikalafeng[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Tsholofelo Adelekan[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Mkhululi Lukhele[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Shabir A Madhi[SUP] 1 3 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Abstract
Background: Limitations in laboratory testing capacity undermine the ability to quantify the overall burden of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.
Methods: We undertook a population-based serosurvey for SARS-CoV-2 infection in 26 subdistricts, Gauteng Province (population 15.9 million), South Africa, to estimate SARS-CoV-2 infection, infection fatality rate (IFR) triangulating seroprevalence, recorded COVID-19 deaths and excess-mortality data. We employed three-stage random household sampling with a selection probability proportional to the subdistrict size, stratifying the subdistrict census-sampling frame by housing type and then selecting households from selected clusters. The survey started on 4 November 2020, 8 weeks after the end of the first wave (SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification test positivity had declined to <10% for the first wave) and coincided with the peak of the second wave. The last sampling was performed on 22 January 2021, which was 9 weeks after the SARS-CoV-2 resurgence. Serum SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) immunoglobulin-G (IgG) was measured using a quantitative assay on the Luminex platform.
Results: From 6332 individuals in 3453 households, the overall RBD IgG seroprevalence was 19.1% [95% confidence interval (CI): 18.1-20.1%] and similar in children and adults. The seroprevalence varied from 5.5% to 43.2% across subdistricts. Conservatively, there were 2 897 120 (95% CI: 2 743 907-3 056 866) SARS-CoV-2 infections, yielding an infection rate of 19 090 per 100 000 until 9 January 2021, when 330 336 COVID-19 cases were recorded. The estimated IFR using recorded COVID-19 deaths (n = 8198) was 0.28% (95% CI: 0.27-0.30) and 0.67% (95% CI: 0.64-0.71) assuming 90% of modelled natural excess deaths were due to COVID-19 (n = 21 582). Notably, 53.8% (65/122) of individuals with previous self-reported confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were RBD IgG seronegative.
Conclusions: The calculated number of SARS-CoV-2 infections was 7.8-fold greater than the recorded COVID-19 cases. The calculated SARS-CoV-2 IFR varied 2.39-fold when calculated using reported COVID-19 deaths (0.28%) compared with excess-mortality-derived COVID-19-attributable deaths (0.67%). Waning RBD IgG may have inadvertently underestimated the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections and conversely overestimated the mortality risk. Epidemic preparedness and response planning for future COVID-19 waves will need to consider the true magnitude of infections, paying close attention to excess-mortality trends rather than absolute reported COVID-19 deaths.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus; infection-mortality risk; seroprevalence; serosurvey.
. 2021 Oct 30;dyab217.
doi: 10.1093/ije/dyab217. Online ahead of print.
Estimated SARS-CoV-2 infection rate and fatality risk in Gauteng Province, South Africa: a population-based seroepidemiological survey
Portia Chipo Mutevedzi[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Mary Kawonga[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Gaurav Kwatra[SUP] 1 3 4 [/SUP], Andrew Moultrie[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Vicky Baillie[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Nicoletta Mabena[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Masego Nicole Mathibe[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Martin Mosotho Rafuma[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Innocent Maposa[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Geoff Abbott[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Janie Hugo[SUP] 7 [/SUP], Bridget Ikalafeng[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Tsholofelo Adelekan[SUP] 8 [/SUP], Mkhululi Lukhele[SUP] 9 [/SUP], Shabir A Madhi[SUP] 1 3 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 34718591
- DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyab217
Abstract
Background: Limitations in laboratory testing capacity undermine the ability to quantify the overall burden of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.
Methods: We undertook a population-based serosurvey for SARS-CoV-2 infection in 26 subdistricts, Gauteng Province (population 15.9 million), South Africa, to estimate SARS-CoV-2 infection, infection fatality rate (IFR) triangulating seroprevalence, recorded COVID-19 deaths and excess-mortality data. We employed three-stage random household sampling with a selection probability proportional to the subdistrict size, stratifying the subdistrict census-sampling frame by housing type and then selecting households from selected clusters. The survey started on 4 November 2020, 8 weeks after the end of the first wave (SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification test positivity had declined to <10% for the first wave) and coincided with the peak of the second wave. The last sampling was performed on 22 January 2021, which was 9 weeks after the SARS-CoV-2 resurgence. Serum SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) immunoglobulin-G (IgG) was measured using a quantitative assay on the Luminex platform.
Results: From 6332 individuals in 3453 households, the overall RBD IgG seroprevalence was 19.1% [95% confidence interval (CI): 18.1-20.1%] and similar in children and adults. The seroprevalence varied from 5.5% to 43.2% across subdistricts. Conservatively, there were 2 897 120 (95% CI: 2 743 907-3 056 866) SARS-CoV-2 infections, yielding an infection rate of 19 090 per 100 000 until 9 January 2021, when 330 336 COVID-19 cases were recorded. The estimated IFR using recorded COVID-19 deaths (n = 8198) was 0.28% (95% CI: 0.27-0.30) and 0.67% (95% CI: 0.64-0.71) assuming 90% of modelled natural excess deaths were due to COVID-19 (n = 21 582). Notably, 53.8% (65/122) of individuals with previous self-reported confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were RBD IgG seronegative.
Conclusions: The calculated number of SARS-CoV-2 infections was 7.8-fold greater than the recorded COVID-19 cases. The calculated SARS-CoV-2 IFR varied 2.39-fold when calculated using reported COVID-19 deaths (0.28%) compared with excess-mortality-derived COVID-19-attributable deaths (0.67%). Waning RBD IgG may have inadvertently underestimated the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections and conversely overestimated the mortality risk. Epidemic preparedness and response planning for future COVID-19 waves will need to consider the true magnitude of infections, paying close attention to excess-mortality trends rather than absolute reported COVID-19 deaths.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus; infection-mortality risk; seroprevalence; serosurvey.