tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Hum Pathol
. 2020 Dec 8;S0046-8177(20)30245-8.
doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2020.11.015. Online ahead of print.
Pathological findings in the postmortem liver of COVID-19 patients
Chaohui Lisa Zhao[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Amy Rapkiewicz[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Mona Maghsoodi-Deerwester[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Mala Gupta[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Wenqing Cao[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Thomas Palaia[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Jianhong Zhou[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Bebu Ram[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Duc Vo[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Behnam Rafiee[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Zarrin Hossein-Zadeh[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Bahram Dabiri[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Iman Hanna[SUP] 4 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Abstract
Introduction: Although COVID-19 is transmitted via respiratory droplets, there are multiple gastrointestinal and hepatic manifestations of the disease, including abnormal liver-associated enzymes. However, there are not many published articles on the pathological findings in the liver of COVID-19 patients.
Methods: We collected the clinical data from 17 autopsy cases of COVID-19 patients including age, sex, BMI, liver function test (ALT, AST, ALP, direct bilirubin and total bilirubin), D-dimer and anticoagulation treatment. We examined histopathologic findings in postmortem hepatic tissue, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining with antibody against COVID spike protein, CD68 and CD61, and electron microscopy. We counted the number of megakaryocytes in liver sections from these COVID-19 positive cases.
Results: Abnormal liver-associated enzymes were observed in 12/17 cases of COVID-19 infection. With the exception of three cases that had not been tested for D-dimer, all 14 patients' D-dimer levels were increased, including the cases that received varied doses of anticoagulation treatment. Microscopically, the major findings were widespread platelet-fibrin microthrombi, steatosis, histiocytic hyperplasia in the portal tract, mild lobular inflammation, ischemic-type hepatic necrosis and zone 3 hemorrhage. Rare megakaryocytes were found in sinusoids. COVID IHC demonstrates positive staining of the histiocytes in the portal tract. Under electron microscopy, histiocyte proliferation is present in the portal tract containing lipid droplets, lysosomes, dilated ribosomal endoplasmic reticulum (RER), micro-vesicular bodies and coronavirus.
Conclusions: The characteristic findings in COVID-19 patients' liver include numerous amounts of platelet-fibrin microthrombi as well as various degrees of steatosis and histiocytic hyperplasia in the portal tract. Possible mechanisms are also discussed.
Keywords: COVID-19; autopsy; histiocytic hyperplasia; liver; liver histopathology; microthrombi; spike protein; steatosis.
. 2020 Dec 8;S0046-8177(20)30245-8.
doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2020.11.015. Online ahead of print.
Pathological findings in the postmortem liver of COVID-19 patients
Chaohui Lisa Zhao[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Amy Rapkiewicz[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Mona Maghsoodi-Deerwester[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Mala Gupta[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Wenqing Cao[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Thomas Palaia[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Jianhong Zhou[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Bebu Ram[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Duc Vo[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Behnam Rafiee[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Zarrin Hossein-Zadeh[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Bahram Dabiri[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Iman Hanna[SUP] 4 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 33307078
- DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2020.11.015
Abstract
Introduction: Although COVID-19 is transmitted via respiratory droplets, there are multiple gastrointestinal and hepatic manifestations of the disease, including abnormal liver-associated enzymes. However, there are not many published articles on the pathological findings in the liver of COVID-19 patients.
Methods: We collected the clinical data from 17 autopsy cases of COVID-19 patients including age, sex, BMI, liver function test (ALT, AST, ALP, direct bilirubin and total bilirubin), D-dimer and anticoagulation treatment. We examined histopathologic findings in postmortem hepatic tissue, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining with antibody against COVID spike protein, CD68 and CD61, and electron microscopy. We counted the number of megakaryocytes in liver sections from these COVID-19 positive cases.
Results: Abnormal liver-associated enzymes were observed in 12/17 cases of COVID-19 infection. With the exception of three cases that had not been tested for D-dimer, all 14 patients' D-dimer levels were increased, including the cases that received varied doses of anticoagulation treatment. Microscopically, the major findings were widespread platelet-fibrin microthrombi, steatosis, histiocytic hyperplasia in the portal tract, mild lobular inflammation, ischemic-type hepatic necrosis and zone 3 hemorrhage. Rare megakaryocytes were found in sinusoids. COVID IHC demonstrates positive staining of the histiocytes in the portal tract. Under electron microscopy, histiocyte proliferation is present in the portal tract containing lipid droplets, lysosomes, dilated ribosomal endoplasmic reticulum (RER), micro-vesicular bodies and coronavirus.
Conclusions: The characteristic findings in COVID-19 patients' liver include numerous amounts of platelet-fibrin microthrombi as well as various degrees of steatosis and histiocytic hyperplasia in the portal tract. Possible mechanisms are also discussed.
Keywords: COVID-19; autopsy; histiocytic hyperplasia; liver; liver histopathology; microthrombi; spike protein; steatosis.