Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Virus Causes Coagulopathy in Chickens

[Sally Furniss]

http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/mandi/50/1/73/_pdf

Editor-Communicated Paper

Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Virus Causes
Coagulopathy in Chickens


Yukiko Muramoto1, 2, 3, Hiroichi Ozaki4, Ayato Takada5, Chun-Ho Park6, Yuji Sunden7,
Takashi Umemura7, Yoshihiro Kawaoka2, 3, 8, Haruo Matsuda9, and Hiroshi Kida*, 1
1 Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060?0818, Japan, 2Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108?8639, Japan, 3Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332?0012, Japan, 4Division
of Project Research, Creative Research Initiative ?Sousei?, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001?0021, Japan, 5 Department of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido
060?0818, Japan, 6Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato Uni-versity, Towada, Aomori 034?8628, Japan, 7Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Graduate School of Veterinary Medi-cine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060?0818, Japan, 8Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veteri-nary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, U.S.A., and 9Department of Molecular and Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739?8528, Japan

Communicated by Dr. Kazumasa Ogasawara: Received November 2, 2005. Accepted November 12, 2005
Microbiol. Immunol., 50(1), 73?81, 2006

Abstract:
Severe hemorrhage at multiple organs is frequently observed in chickens infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A viruses. In this study we examined whether HPAI virus infection leads to coagulation disorder in chickens. Pathological examinations showed that the fibrin thrombi were
formed in arterioles at the lung, associated with the viral antigens in endothelial cells of chickens infected intravenously with HPAI virus. Hematological analyses of peripheral blood collected from the chickens revealed that coagulopathy was initiated at early stage of infection when viral antigens were detected only
in the endothelial cells and monocytes/macrophages. Furthermore, gene expression of the tissue factor, the main initiator of blood coagulation, was upregulated in the spleen, lung, and brain of HPAI virus-infected chickens. These results suggest that dysfunction of endothelial cells and monocytes/macrophages upon HPAI virus infection may induce hemostasis abnormalities represented by the excessive blood coagulation and consumptive coagulopathy in chickens.

 

[AlaskaDenise]

Re: Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Virus CausesCoagulopathy in Chickens

Re: Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Virus CausesCoagulopathy in Chickens

(Humans)

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Alternative Names
Consumption coagulopathy

Definition
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a serious disorder in which the proteins that control blood clotting are abnormally active.

Causes
Normally, when you are injured, certain proteins are turned on and travel to the injury site to help stop bleeding. However, in persons with DIC, these proteins are abnormally active. Small blood clots form throughout the body. Overtime, the clotting proteins become "used up" and are unavailable during times of real injury.

This disorder can result in clots or, more often, bleeding. Bleeding can be severe.

Risk factors for DIC include:

• Blood transfusion reaction
• Cancer, including leukemia
• Infection in the blood by bacteria or fungus
• Pregnancy complications (such as retained placenta after delivery)
• Recent surgery or anesthesia
• Sepsis
• Severe liver disease
• Severe tissue injury (as in burns and head injury)

Symptoms

• Bleeding, possibly from multiple sites in the body
• Blood clots
• Sudden bruising

Exams and Tests
The following tests may be done:

• Serum fibrinogen - low
• Prothrombin time (PT) - high
• Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) - high
• Platelet count

Treatment
The goal is to determine and treat the underlying cause of DIC.
Blood clotting factors will be replaced with plasma transfusions. Heparin, a medication used to prevent thrombosis, is sometimes used in combination with replacement therapy.

Outlook (Prognosis)
The underlying disease that causes the disorder will usually predict the probable outcome.

Possible Complications

• Severe bleeding
• Stroke
• Lack of blood flow to arms, legs, or organs

Photos (which look like H5N1 chicken bleeding spots) are also at.....
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000573.htm

 

[AlaskaDenise]

Re: Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Virus CausesCoagulopathy in Chickens

Re: Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Virus CausesCoagulopathy in Chickens

Might the severe injury which triggers this reaction be the damage to the arterioles in the lung?

.