tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Front Immunol
. 2022 Feb 14;13:798813.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.798813. eCollection 2022.
SARS-CoV-2 Immunization Orchestrates the Amplification of IFNγ-Producing T Cell and NK Cell Persistence
Lucia La Sala[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Sara Gandini[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Antonino Bruno[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Raffaele Allevi[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Matteo Gallazzi[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Pamela Senesi[SUP] 1 6 [/SUP], Maria Teresa Palano[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Paola Meregalli[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Ermanno Longhi[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Carmen Sommese[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Livio Luzi[SUP] 1 6 [/SUP], Emilio Trabucchi[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Abstract
A successful vaccination would represent the most efficient means to control the pandemic of Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) that led to millions of deaths worldwide. Novel mRNA-based vaccines confer protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2, but whether immunity is immediately effective and how long it will remain in recipients are uncertain. We sought to assess the effectiveness of a two-dose regimen since the boosts are often delayed concerning the recommended intervals.
Methods: A longitudinal cohort of healthcare workers (HCW, N = 46; 30.4% men; 69.6% women; mean age 36.05 ± 2.2 years) with no SARS-CoV-2 infection as documented by negative polymerase chain reaction was immunophenotyped in PBMC once a week for 4 weeks from the prime immunization (Pfizer mRNA BNT162b2) and had received 2 doses, to study the kinetic response.
Results: We identified three risk groups to develop SARS-CoV-2 infection IgG[SUP]+[/SUP]-based (late responders, R[SUP]-[/SUP]; early responders, R[SUP]+[/SUP]; pauci responders, PR). In all receipts, amplification of B cells and NK cells, including IL4-producing B cells and IL4-producing CD8[SUP]+[/SUP] T cells, is early stimulated by the vaccine. After the boost, we observed a growing increase of NK cells but a resistance of T cells, IFNγ-producing CD4[SUP]+[/SUP]T cells, and IFNγ-producing NK cells. Also, hematologic parameters decline until the boost. The positive association of IFNγ-producing NK with IFNγ-producing CD4[SUP]+[/SUP]T cells by the multiple mixed-effect model, adjusted for confounders (p = 0.036) as well as the correlation matrix (r = 0.6, p < 0.01), suggests a relationship between these two subsets of lymphocytes.
Conclusions: These findings introduce several concerns about policy delay in vaccination: based on immunological protection, B cells and the persistent increase of NK cells during 2 doses of the mRNA-based vaccine could provide further immune protection against the virus, while CD8[SUP]+[/SUP] T cells increased slightly only in the R[SUP]+[/SUP] and PR groups.
Keywords: CD4; CD8; NK; SARS-CoV-2; immune response; vaccines.
. 2022 Feb 14;13:798813.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.798813. eCollection 2022.
SARS-CoV-2 Immunization Orchestrates the Amplification of IFNγ-Producing T Cell and NK Cell Persistence
Lucia La Sala[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Sara Gandini[SUP] 2 [/SUP], Antonino Bruno[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Raffaele Allevi[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Matteo Gallazzi[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Pamela Senesi[SUP] 1 6 [/SUP], Maria Teresa Palano[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Paola Meregalli[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Ermanno Longhi[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Carmen Sommese[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Livio Luzi[SUP] 1 6 [/SUP], Emilio Trabucchi[SUP] 1 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 35237261
- PMCID: PMC8882867
- DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.798813
Abstract
A successful vaccination would represent the most efficient means to control the pandemic of Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) that led to millions of deaths worldwide. Novel mRNA-based vaccines confer protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2, but whether immunity is immediately effective and how long it will remain in recipients are uncertain. We sought to assess the effectiveness of a two-dose regimen since the boosts are often delayed concerning the recommended intervals.
Methods: A longitudinal cohort of healthcare workers (HCW, N = 46; 30.4% men; 69.6% women; mean age 36.05 ± 2.2 years) with no SARS-CoV-2 infection as documented by negative polymerase chain reaction was immunophenotyped in PBMC once a week for 4 weeks from the prime immunization (Pfizer mRNA BNT162b2) and had received 2 doses, to study the kinetic response.
Results: We identified three risk groups to develop SARS-CoV-2 infection IgG[SUP]+[/SUP]-based (late responders, R[SUP]-[/SUP]; early responders, R[SUP]+[/SUP]; pauci responders, PR). In all receipts, amplification of B cells and NK cells, including IL4-producing B cells and IL4-producing CD8[SUP]+[/SUP] T cells, is early stimulated by the vaccine. After the boost, we observed a growing increase of NK cells but a resistance of T cells, IFNγ-producing CD4[SUP]+[/SUP]T cells, and IFNγ-producing NK cells. Also, hematologic parameters decline until the boost. The positive association of IFNγ-producing NK with IFNγ-producing CD4[SUP]+[/SUP]T cells by the multiple mixed-effect model, adjusted for confounders (p = 0.036) as well as the correlation matrix (r = 0.6, p < 0.01), suggests a relationship between these two subsets of lymphocytes.
Conclusions: These findings introduce several concerns about policy delay in vaccination: based on immunological protection, B cells and the persistent increase of NK cells during 2 doses of the mRNA-based vaccine could provide further immune protection against the virus, while CD8[SUP]+[/SUP] T cells increased slightly only in the R[SUP]+[/SUP] and PR groups.
Keywords: CD4; CD8; NK; SARS-CoV-2; immune response; vaccines.