tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Front Immunol
. 2026 Apr 30:17:1813716.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1813716. eCollection 2026.
Safety, immunogenicity, and long COVID outcomes following inactivated COVID-19 vaccine boosters in elderly Chinese: a prospective cohort study
Rongrong Dai[SUP] #[/SUP][SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Qianhui Hua[SUP] #[/SUP][SUP] 3 [/SUP], Xinyu Liu[SUP] #[/SUP][SUP] 2 3 [/SUP], Lanxin Ma[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Ruijing Bao[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Huijun Lei[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Pengfei Yu[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Yuting Liao[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Juan Yang[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Su Han[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Jianmin Jiang[SUP] 3 7 [/SUP], Hangjie Zhang[SUP] 3 7 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Background: Adults aged ≥60 years face elevated risks of severe COVID-19 and long COVID. Although inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are safe and effective, critical gaps remain regarding optimal booster timing, durability of immune responses, and protection against emerging variants in this vulnerable population.
Methods: In this prospective cohort study in Zhejiang Province, China, 450 adults aged ≥60 years were randomized to receive an inactivated SARS-Cov-2 vaccine (CoronaVac or Covilo) under three dosing schedules. Neutralizing antibody titers, SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG, and variant-specific neutralization were evaluated using serum samples collected at multiple timepoints. Safety outcomes included local and systemic adverse reactions and long COVID symptoms.
Results: Participants (age: 60-80 years; 50.9% male) with balanced baseline demographics were stratified into six subgroups by vaccine type and schedule (S1/S2/S3; n=75 each; all P>0.05). Adverse reaction incidence was low (0.0%-8.0%), with CoronaVac-S3 recipients experiencing significantly more local reactions than Covilo-S3 recipients (8.0% vs. 0.0%; P = 0.0124). Immunogenicity varied markedly at 1 month post vaccination, with the highest geometric mean titers (GMTs) of neutralizing antibodies in both S3 groups (Covilo: 57.2; CoronaVac: 59.4; P<0.001 vs. respective S1/S2 groups), and CoronaVac-S1 inducing higher GMTs than Covilo-S1 (21.8 vs. 15.4; P = 0.009). At 12 months post vaccination, GMTs remained highest in Covilo-S3 (9.9), while CoronaVac-S2 exceeded Covilo-S2 (8.0 vs. 5.1; P = 0.021). Covilo-S2 and -S3 were superior to their CoronaVac counterparts in inhibition against the wild-type strain and Delta variant at 1 month post vaccination (all P<0.05). Multivariate analysis identified male sex as a protective factor against COVID-19 symptoms, long COVID, and fatigue (odds ratios <0.5 and P<0.05 for all).
Conclusions: A third booster of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine administered within 2-6 months of the second dose is safe and significantly boosts humoral immunity in adults ≥60 years. The three-dose Covilo regimen and a 6-month dosing interval optimized immunogenicity and were associated with the lowest risks of COVID-19 symptoms and long COVID, highlighting the importance of vaccine-specific and interval-adjusted booster strategies for older populations.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; breakthrough infection; dynamic changes; humoral immune response; inactivated COVID-19 vaccine; vaccine.
. 2026 Apr 30:17:1813716.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1813716. eCollection 2026.
Safety, immunogenicity, and long COVID outcomes following inactivated COVID-19 vaccine boosters in elderly Chinese: a prospective cohort study
Rongrong Dai[SUP] #[/SUP][SUP] 1 2 [/SUP], Qianhui Hua[SUP] #[/SUP][SUP] 3 [/SUP], Xinyu Liu[SUP] #[/SUP][SUP] 2 3 [/SUP], Lanxin Ma[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Ruijing Bao[SUP] 4 [/SUP], Huijun Lei[SUP] 5 [/SUP], Pengfei Yu[SUP] 6 [/SUP], Yuting Liao[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Juan Yang[SUP] 3 [/SUP], Su Han[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Jianmin Jiang[SUP] 3 7 [/SUP], Hangjie Zhang[SUP] 3 7 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 42148138
- PMCID: PMC13171794
- DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1813716
Background: Adults aged ≥60 years face elevated risks of severe COVID-19 and long COVID. Although inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are safe and effective, critical gaps remain regarding optimal booster timing, durability of immune responses, and protection against emerging variants in this vulnerable population.
Methods: In this prospective cohort study in Zhejiang Province, China, 450 adults aged ≥60 years were randomized to receive an inactivated SARS-Cov-2 vaccine (CoronaVac or Covilo) under three dosing schedules. Neutralizing antibody titers, SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG, and variant-specific neutralization were evaluated using serum samples collected at multiple timepoints. Safety outcomes included local and systemic adverse reactions and long COVID symptoms.
Results: Participants (age: 60-80 years; 50.9% male) with balanced baseline demographics were stratified into six subgroups by vaccine type and schedule (S1/S2/S3; n=75 each; all P>0.05). Adverse reaction incidence was low (0.0%-8.0%), with CoronaVac-S3 recipients experiencing significantly more local reactions than Covilo-S3 recipients (8.0% vs. 0.0%; P = 0.0124). Immunogenicity varied markedly at 1 month post vaccination, with the highest geometric mean titers (GMTs) of neutralizing antibodies in both S3 groups (Covilo: 57.2; CoronaVac: 59.4; P<0.001 vs. respective S1/S2 groups), and CoronaVac-S1 inducing higher GMTs than Covilo-S1 (21.8 vs. 15.4; P = 0.009). At 12 months post vaccination, GMTs remained highest in Covilo-S3 (9.9), while CoronaVac-S2 exceeded Covilo-S2 (8.0 vs. 5.1; P = 0.021). Covilo-S2 and -S3 were superior to their CoronaVac counterparts in inhibition against the wild-type strain and Delta variant at 1 month post vaccination (all P<0.05). Multivariate analysis identified male sex as a protective factor against COVID-19 symptoms, long COVID, and fatigue (odds ratios <0.5 and P<0.05 for all).
Conclusions: A third booster of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine administered within 2-6 months of the second dose is safe and significantly boosts humoral immunity in adults ≥60 years. The three-dose Covilo regimen and a 6-month dosing interval optimized immunogenicity and were associated with the lowest risks of COVID-19 symptoms and long COVID, highlighting the importance of vaccine-specific and interval-adjusted booster strategies for older populations.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; breakthrough infection; dynamic changes; humoral immune response; inactivated COVID-19 vaccine; vaccine.