tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
FEBS J
. 2022 Jan 21.
doi: 10.1111/febs.16363. Online ahead of print.
Non-respiratory sites of influenza-associated disease: mechanisms and experimental systems for continued study
Heather M Froggatt[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Nicholas S Heaton[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Abstract
The productive replication of human influenza viruses is almost exclusively restricted to cells in the respiratory tract. However, a key aspect of the host response to viral infection is the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that are not similarly tissue restricted. As such, circulating inflammatory mediators, as well as the resulting activated immune cells, can induce damage throughout the body, particularly in individuals with underlying conditions. As a result, more holistic experimental approaches are required to fully understand the pathogenesis and scope of influenza virus-induced disease. This review summarizes what is known about some of the most well-appreciated non-respiratory tract sites of influenza virus-induced disease, including: neurological, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, muscular, and fetal developmental phenotypes. In the context of this discussion, we describe the in vivo experimental systems currently being used to study non-respiratory symptoms. Finally, we highlight important future questions and potential models that can be used for a more complete understanding of influenza virus-induced disease.
Keywords: Animal model; Cardiovascular disease; Disease burden; Fetal health; Inflammation; Influenza virus; Microbiome; Mouse; Muscle wasting; Neurological disease.
. 2022 Jan 21.
doi: 10.1111/febs.16363. Online ahead of print.
Non-respiratory sites of influenza-associated disease: mechanisms and experimental systems for continued study
Heather M Froggatt[SUP] 1 [/SUP], Nicholas S Heaton[SUP] 1 2 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 35060315
- DOI: 10.1111/febs.16363
Abstract
The productive replication of human influenza viruses is almost exclusively restricted to cells in the respiratory tract. However, a key aspect of the host response to viral infection is the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that are not similarly tissue restricted. As such, circulating inflammatory mediators, as well as the resulting activated immune cells, can induce damage throughout the body, particularly in individuals with underlying conditions. As a result, more holistic experimental approaches are required to fully understand the pathogenesis and scope of influenza virus-induced disease. This review summarizes what is known about some of the most well-appreciated non-respiratory tract sites of influenza virus-induced disease, including: neurological, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, muscular, and fetal developmental phenotypes. In the context of this discussion, we describe the in vivo experimental systems currently being used to study non-respiratory symptoms. Finally, we highlight important future questions and potential models that can be used for a more complete understanding of influenza virus-induced disease.
Keywords: Animal model; Cardiovascular disease; Disease burden; Fetal health; Inflammation; Influenza virus; Microbiome; Mouse; Muscle wasting; Neurological disease.