tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
The Journal of Virology, July 2011,p. 6923-6929, Vol. 85, No. 14
0022-538X/11/$12.00+0 doi:10.1128/JVI.00438-11
Extensive Geographical Mixing of 2009 Human H1N1 Influenza A Virus in a Single University Community{triangledown},{dagger}
Edward C. Holmes,1,2* Elodie Ghedin,3,4 Rebecca A. Halpin,3 Timothy B. Stockwell,3 Xing-Quan Zhang,6 Regina Fleming,7 Richard Davey,8 Constance A. Benson,6 Sanjay Mehta,6 Randy Taplitz,6 Yu-Tseung Liu,6 Kimberly C. Brouwer,9 David E. Wentworth,5,{ddagger} Xudong Lin,5,{ddagger} the INSIGHT FLU002 Study Group,, and Robert T. Schooley6
Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802,1 Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,2 J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850,3 Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261,4 Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201,5 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0711,6 Student Health Service, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093,7 Clinical Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 21205,8 Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 920939
Received 4 March 2011/ Accepted 4 May 2011
Despite growing interest in the molecular epidemiology of influenza virus, the pattern of viral spread within individual communities remains poorly understood. To determine the phylogeography of influenza virus in a single population, we examined the spatial diffusion of H1N1/09 influenza A virus within the student body of the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), sampling for a 1-month period between October and November 2009. Despite the highly focused nature of our study, an analysis of complete viral genome sequences revealed between 24 and 33 independent introductions of H1N1/09 into the UCSD community, comprising much of the global genetic diversity in this virus. These data were also characterized by a relatively low level of on-campus transmission as well as extensive spatial mixing, such that there was little geographical clustering by either student residence or city ZIP code. Most notably, students experiencing illness on the same day and residing in the same dorm possessed phylogenetically distinct lineages. H1N1/09 influenza A virus is therefore characterized by a remarkable spatial fluidity, which is likely to impede community-based methods for its control, including class cancellations, quarantine, and chemoprophylaxis.
http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/abst...ic&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT
0022-538X/11/$12.00+0 doi:10.1128/JVI.00438-11
Extensive Geographical Mixing of 2009 Human H1N1 Influenza A Virus in a Single University Community{triangledown},{dagger}
Edward C. Holmes,1,2* Elodie Ghedin,3,4 Rebecca A. Halpin,3 Timothy B. Stockwell,3 Xing-Quan Zhang,6 Regina Fleming,7 Richard Davey,8 Constance A. Benson,6 Sanjay Mehta,6 Randy Taplitz,6 Yu-Tseung Liu,6 Kimberly C. Brouwer,9 David E. Wentworth,5,{ddagger} Xudong Lin,5,{ddagger} the INSIGHT FLU002 Study Group,, and Robert T. Schooley6
Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802,1 Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,2 J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850,3 Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261,4 Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201,5 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0711,6 Student Health Service, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093,7 Clinical Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 21205,8 Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 920939
Received 4 March 2011/ Accepted 4 May 2011
Despite growing interest in the molecular epidemiology of influenza virus, the pattern of viral spread within individual communities remains poorly understood. To determine the phylogeography of influenza virus in a single population, we examined the spatial diffusion of H1N1/09 influenza A virus within the student body of the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), sampling for a 1-month period between October and November 2009. Despite the highly focused nature of our study, an analysis of complete viral genome sequences revealed between 24 and 33 independent introductions of H1N1/09 into the UCSD community, comprising much of the global genetic diversity in this virus. These data were also characterized by a relatively low level of on-campus transmission as well as extensive spatial mixing, such that there was little geographical clustering by either student residence or city ZIP code. Most notably, students experiencing illness on the same day and residing in the same dorm possessed phylogenetically distinct lineages. H1N1/09 influenza A virus is therefore characterized by a remarkable spatial fluidity, which is likely to impede community-based methods for its control, including class cancellations, quarantine, and chemoprophylaxis.
http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/abst...ic&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT