tetano
Editor, Senior Moderator
Exp Ther Med
. 2021 Apr;21(4):319.
doi: 10.3892/etm.2021.9750. Epub 2021 Feb 3.
Immunoregulatory therapy strategies that target cytokine storms in patients with COVID-19 (Review)
Xianyao Wang[SUP] 1 2 3 [/SUP], Zhixu He[SUP] 2 4 [/SUP], Xing Zhao[SUP] 1 2 3 [/SUP]
Affiliations
Abstract
A cytokine storm is an uncontrolled, excessive immune response that contributes to the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Viral infections lead to the loss of negative feedback in immune regulation and an abnormal elevation of the levels of multiple cytokines. In COVID-19, this causes diffuse damage to alveolar functions and may culminate in multiple organ dysfunction. Immunoregulatory therapies target the cytokine storms induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, and include monoclonal antibodies, recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, interferon, mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy, thymosin, immunoglobulins and blood purification therapies. These approaches may be effective in the alleviation of COVID-19 symptoms. In this review, cytokine storms caused by SARS-CoV-2 infections are evaluated and discussed, and advances in immunoregulatory therapy strategies for patients with COVID-19 are reviewed.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; cytokine storm; immunoregulatory therapy strategies.
. 2021 Apr;21(4):319.
doi: 10.3892/etm.2021.9750. Epub 2021 Feb 3.
Immunoregulatory therapy strategies that target cytokine storms in patients with COVID-19 (Review)
Xianyao Wang[SUP] 1 2 3 [/SUP], Zhixu He[SUP] 2 4 [/SUP], Xing Zhao[SUP] 1 2 3 [/SUP]
Affiliations
- PMID: 33732292
- PMCID: PMC7903484
- DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9750
Abstract
A cytokine storm is an uncontrolled, excessive immune response that contributes to the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Viral infections lead to the loss of negative feedback in immune regulation and an abnormal elevation of the levels of multiple cytokines. In COVID-19, this causes diffuse damage to alveolar functions and may culminate in multiple organ dysfunction. Immunoregulatory therapies target the cytokine storms induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, and include monoclonal antibodies, recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, interferon, mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy, thymosin, immunoglobulins and blood purification therapies. These approaches may be effective in the alleviation of COVID-19 symptoms. In this review, cytokine storms caused by SARS-CoV-2 infections are evaluated and discussed, and advances in immunoregulatory therapy strategies for patients with COVID-19 are reviewed.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; cytokine storm; immunoregulatory therapy strategies.