Giuseppe
Emeritus
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Outbreak in Captive Wild Birds and Cats, Cambodia (Emerg Infect Dis.)
DOI: 10.3201/eid1503.081410
Suggested citation for this article: Desvaux S, Marx N, Ong S, Gaidet N, Hunt M, Manuguerra J-C, et al. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) outbreak in captive wild birds and cats, Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 Mar; [Epub ahead of print]
[Full PDF Document at LINK. EDITED.]
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Outbreak in Captive Wild Birds and Cats, Cambodia
St?phanie Desvaux, Nick Marx, Sivuth Ong, Nicolas Gaidet, Matt Hunt, Jean-Claude Manuguerra, San Sorn, Malik Peiris, Sylvie Van der Werf, and Jean-Marc Reynes
Author affiliations: Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le D?veloppement, Montpellier, France (S. Desvaux, N. Gaidet); WildAid, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (N. Marx, M. Hunt); Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh (S. Ong, J.-M. Reynes); Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-C. Manuguerra, S. Van der Werf); National Animal Health and Production Investigation Center, Phnom Penh (S. Sorn); and University of Hong Kong and Queen Marie Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People?s Republic of China (M. Peiris)
From December 2003 through January 2004, the Phnom Tamao Wildlife Rescue Centre, Cambodia, was affected by the highly pathogenic influenza virus (H5N1). Birds from 26 species died. Influenza virus subtype H5N1 was detected in 6 of 7 species tested. Cats from 5 of 7 species were probably infected; none died.
(...)
Conclusions
The sources of introduction of HPAIV (H5N1) within the PTWRC were probably multiple: virus-infected chicken bought to feed the carnivorous species, infected live chickens brought to restaurants near S2 (i.e., the first place where deaths were detected), and contact between infected wild and captive birds. The introduction through infected chickens is supported by the absence of an outbreak at the PTWRC after the feeding of chickens to carnivorous species was discontinued; however, deaths in domestic poultry continued in the area. In addition, almost all carnivorous bird species in S2 died (93% of Falconiformes and 92% of Strigiformes) as did most species usually fed chicken meat in captivity (herons, storks, crows, great hornbill, pelican). Diet was also the origin of the outbreak among tigers and leopards in Thailand (6,7). The dispersion of the disease between PTWRD sections was probably due to poor biosecurity measures.
The clinical outcome of wild birds with suspected HPAIV (H5N1) infection at PTWRC ranged from severe illness and death to complete absence of clinical signs, as described (8). Several species from the orders Ciconiiformes, Galliformes, Passeriformes, Gruiformes, Coraciiformes, and Pelecaniformes were affected during the outbreak. This observation is consistent with data published earlier, except for Coraciiformes represented by 1 bird in our study (9). Only the carnivorous species (Corvus macrorynchos) among the 5 species of Passeriformes in the aviaries showed clinical signs and later was confirmed by RT-PCR to be positive for HPAIV (H5N1).
This outbreak confirms that Falconiformes and Strigiformes are sensitive to HPAIV (H5N1) infection and disease (10?12) and shows that numerous species of these orders can be affected by HPAIV (H5N1) (Table 1).
Psittaciformes and Columbiformes were not visibly affected by the outbreak although they were kept in large numbers in S2, where large numbers of deaths occurred. As non?water-bird species, they do not belong to groups in which avian influenza is commonly reported (13).
Anseriformes, represented in PTWRC by only 4 birds (Anas poecilorhyncha), did not show any clinical signs. Heterogeneity in the susceptibility of wild ducks to HPAIV (H5N1), including asymptomatic infection, has been demonstrated (14); this species also belongs to the group of wild ducks found asymptomatically infected with HPAIV (H5N1) in the People?s Republic of China during the winter of 2005 (15).
The serologic evidence of influenza virus (H5N1) infection in 4 species of wild cats is in agreement with previous infection in Thailand (6,7). The report of illness in the Asiatic golden cat (Catopuma temminckii) and the clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) broadens the host range of the virus among mammals.
This report confirms the great variability of wild bird and mammal responses to HPAIV (H5N1) infection. It also confirms the broadening range of susceptible species that may be specific to this clade 1 virus.
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DOI: 10.3201/eid1503.081410
Suggested citation for this article: Desvaux S, Marx N, Ong S, Gaidet N, Hunt M, Manuguerra J-C, et al. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) outbreak in captive wild birds and cats, Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 Mar; [Epub ahead of print]
[Full PDF Document at LINK. EDITED.]
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Outbreak in Captive Wild Birds and Cats, Cambodia
St?phanie Desvaux, Nick Marx, Sivuth Ong, Nicolas Gaidet, Matt Hunt, Jean-Claude Manuguerra, San Sorn, Malik Peiris, Sylvie Van der Werf, and Jean-Marc Reynes
Author affiliations: Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le D?veloppement, Montpellier, France (S. Desvaux, N. Gaidet); WildAid, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (N. Marx, M. Hunt); Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh (S. Ong, J.-M. Reynes); Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-C. Manuguerra, S. Van der Werf); National Animal Health and Production Investigation Center, Phnom Penh (S. Sorn); and University of Hong Kong and Queen Marie Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People?s Republic of China (M. Peiris)
From December 2003 through January 2004, the Phnom Tamao Wildlife Rescue Centre, Cambodia, was affected by the highly pathogenic influenza virus (H5N1). Birds from 26 species died. Influenza virus subtype H5N1 was detected in 6 of 7 species tested. Cats from 5 of 7 species were probably infected; none died.
(...)
Conclusions
The sources of introduction of HPAIV (H5N1) within the PTWRC were probably multiple: virus-infected chicken bought to feed the carnivorous species, infected live chickens brought to restaurants near S2 (i.e., the first place where deaths were detected), and contact between infected wild and captive birds. The introduction through infected chickens is supported by the absence of an outbreak at the PTWRC after the feeding of chickens to carnivorous species was discontinued; however, deaths in domestic poultry continued in the area. In addition, almost all carnivorous bird species in S2 died (93% of Falconiformes and 92% of Strigiformes) as did most species usually fed chicken meat in captivity (herons, storks, crows, great hornbill, pelican). Diet was also the origin of the outbreak among tigers and leopards in Thailand (6,7). The dispersion of the disease between PTWRD sections was probably due to poor biosecurity measures.
The clinical outcome of wild birds with suspected HPAIV (H5N1) infection at PTWRC ranged from severe illness and death to complete absence of clinical signs, as described (8). Several species from the orders Ciconiiformes, Galliformes, Passeriformes, Gruiformes, Coraciiformes, and Pelecaniformes were affected during the outbreak. This observation is consistent with data published earlier, except for Coraciiformes represented by 1 bird in our study (9). Only the carnivorous species (Corvus macrorynchos) among the 5 species of Passeriformes in the aviaries showed clinical signs and later was confirmed by RT-PCR to be positive for HPAIV (H5N1).
This outbreak confirms that Falconiformes and Strigiformes are sensitive to HPAIV (H5N1) infection and disease (10?12) and shows that numerous species of these orders can be affected by HPAIV (H5N1) (Table 1).
Psittaciformes and Columbiformes were not visibly affected by the outbreak although they were kept in large numbers in S2, where large numbers of deaths occurred. As non?water-bird species, they do not belong to groups in which avian influenza is commonly reported (13).
Anseriformes, represented in PTWRC by only 4 birds (Anas poecilorhyncha), did not show any clinical signs. Heterogeneity in the susceptibility of wild ducks to HPAIV (H5N1), including asymptomatic infection, has been demonstrated (14); this species also belongs to the group of wild ducks found asymptomatically infected with HPAIV (H5N1) in the People?s Republic of China during the winter of 2005 (15).
The serologic evidence of influenza virus (H5N1) infection in 4 species of wild cats is in agreement with previous infection in Thailand (6,7). The report of illness in the Asiatic golden cat (Catopuma temminckii) and the clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) broadens the host range of the virus among mammals.
This report confirms the great variability of wild bird and mammal responses to HPAIV (H5N1) infection. It also confirms the broadening range of susceptible species that may be specific to this clade 1 virus.
(...)
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