Cellular immunity: Live versus split vaccines

[Ganseerpel]

Cellular immune responses in children and adults receiving inactivated or live attenuated influenza vaccines.<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-comfficeffice" /><o></o>
<o></o>
He XS, Holmes TH, Zhang C, Mahmood K, Kemble GW, Lewis DB, Dekker CL, Greenberg HB, Arvin AM.<o></o>
J Virol. 2006 Dec;80(23):11756-66. Epub 2006 Sep 13.<o></o>
Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. xiaosong@stanford.edu<o></o>
<o></o>
The patterns of cellular immune responses induced by live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) versus those of the trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) have not been studied extensively, especially in children. The goals of this study were to evaluate the effects of TIV and LAIV immunization on cellular immunity to live influenza A virus in children and adults and to explore factors associated with variations in responses to influenza vaccines among individuals. A gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) flow cytometry assay was used to measure IFN-gamma-producing (IFN-gamma+) NK and T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures stimulated with a live influenza A virus strain before and after LAIV or TIV immunization of children and adults. The mean percentages of influenza A virus-specific IFN-gamma+ CD4 and CD8 T cells increased significantly after LAIV, but not TIV, immunization in children aged 5 to 9 years. No increases in the mean levels of influenza A virus-reactive IFN-gamma+ T cells and NK cells were observed in adults given LAIV or TIV. TIV induced a significant increase in influenza A virus-reactive T cells in 6-month- to 4-year-old children; LAIV was not evaluated in this age group. The postvaccination changes (n-fold) in the percentages of influenza A virus-reactive IFN-gamma+ T and NK cells in adults were highly variable and correlated inversely with the prevaccination percentages, in particular with that of the CD56(dim) NK cell subset. In conclusion, our findings identify age, type of vaccine, and prevaccination levels of immune reactivity to influenza A virus as factors significantly associated with the magnitude of cellular immune responses to influenza vaccines.<o></o>
<o></o>
Publication Types:

 

[gsgs]

Re: Cellular immunity: Live versus split vaccines

> The postvaccination changes (n-fold) in the percentages
> of influenza A virus-reactive IFN-gamma+ T and NK cells
> in adults were highly variable and correlated inversely with
> the prevaccination percentages

inversely ? So prevaccination was bad ?
I remember we heard about the especial advantage of repeated vaccination
here earlier.

 

[Ganseerpel]

Re: Cellular immunity: Live versus split vaccines

Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2001 December 29; 356(1416): 1947?1951.
doi: 10.1098/rstb.2001.0982.
Copyright notice


Safety, efficacy and effectiveness of cold-adapted, live, attenuated, trivalent, intranasal influenza vaccine in adults and children.
R B Belshe and W C Gruber
Department of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 63110-0250, USA. belsherb@slu.edu

This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.

Abstract
Studies in children and adults revealed cold-adapted, live, attenuated, trivalent, intranasal influenza vaccine (CAIV-T) to be well accepted, well tolerated and highly protective against culture-confirmed influenza, and to provide significant health benefits. A 2 year, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy field trial of CAIV-T in children aged 15-71 months with annual re-immunization revealed the vaccine to be highly protective against culture-confirmed influenza. Vaccine induced serum and secretory antibodies in vaccinated children. Overall, during 2 years of study, vaccine was 92% protective against culture-confirmed influenza. During the second year of study the vaccine was 86% protective against influenza A/Sydney/5/97-like virus, a significantly drifted strain not well matched to the vaccine. Antibody studies on children given CAIV-T revealed that high titres of cross-reacting antibodies to influenza A/Sydney/5/97 were induced with vaccination by live attenuated influenza A/Wuhan/359/95-like vaccine. Effectiveness measures revealed significant reductions in febrile illness (21% reduction in year 1, 19% reduction in year 2), febrile otitis media (33% reduction in year 1, 16% reduction in year 2) and associated antibiotic use among vaccinated children compared with placebo recipients. In adults, vaccination with CAIV-T resulted in protection during experimental challenge with virulent wild-type viruses. An effectiveness trial in adults demonstrated significant benefits of CAIV-T vaccine (28% reduction in days of missed work for febrile upper respiratory illness days with associated 45% reduction in days taking antibiotics). General use of CAIV-T has the potential to significantly reduce the impact of influenza in children and adults.

Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (135K).
Selected References

This list contains those references that cite another article in PMC or have a citation in PubMed. It may not include all the original references for this article.
<STYLE type=text/css>#back-ref-list li {padding-top:.5em;}</STYLE>

• Belshe RB, Gruber WC. Prevention of otitis media in children with live attenuated influenza vaccine given intranasally. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000 May;19(5 Suppl):S66?S71. [PubMed]
• Belshe RB, Swierkosz EM, Anderson EL, Newman FK, Nugent SL, Maassab HF. Immunization of infants and young children with live attenuated trivalent cold-recombinant influenza A H1N1, H3N2, and B vaccine. J Infect Dis. 1992 Apr;165(4):727?732. [PubMed]
• Belshe RB, Gruber WC, Mendelman PM, Cho I, Reisinger K, Block SL, Wittes J, Iacuzio D, Piedra P, Treanor J, King J, Kotloff K, Bernstein DI, Hayden FG, Zangwill K, Yan L, Wolff M. Efficacy of vaccination with live attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent, intranasal influenza virus vaccine against a variant (A/Sydney) not contained in the vaccine. J Pediatr. 2000 Feb;136(2):168?175. [PubMed]
• Belshe RB, Gruber WC, Mendelman PM, Mehta HB, Mahmood K, Reisinger K, Treanor J, Zangwill K, Hayden FG, Bernstein DI, Kotloff K, King J, Piedra PA, Block SL, Yan L, Wolff M. Correlates of immune protection induced by live, attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent, intranasal influenza virus vaccine. J Infect Dis. 2000 Mar;181(3):1133?1137. [PubMed]
• Boyce TG, Gruber WC, Coleman-Dockery SD, Sannella EC, Reed GW, Wolff M, Wright PF. Mucosal immune response to trivalent live attenuated intranasal influenza vaccine in children. Vaccine. 1999 Aug 20;18(1-2):82?88. [PubMed]
• Chonmaitree T, Owen MJ, Patel JA, Hedgpeth D, Horlick D, Howie VM. Effect of viral respiratory tract infection on outcome of acute otitis media. J Pediatr. 1992 Jun;120(6):856?862. [PubMed]
• Heikkinen T, Thint M, Chonmaitree T. Prevalence of various respiratory viruses in the middle ear during acute otitis media. N Engl J Med. 1999 Jan 28;340(4):260?264. [PubMed]
• Henderson FW, Collier AM, Sanyal MA, Watkins JM, Fairclough DL, Clyde WA Jr, Denny FW. A longitudinal study of respiratory viruses and bacteria in the etiology of acute otitis media with effusion. N Engl J Med. 1982 Jun 10;306(23):1377?1383. [PubMed]
• Nichol KL, Mendelman PM, Mallon KP, Jackson LA, Gorse GJ, Belshe RB, Glezen WP, Wittes J. Effectiveness of live, attenuated intranasal influenza virus vaccine in healthy, working adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1999 Jul 14;282(2):137?144. [PubMed]
• Swierkosz EM, Newman FK, Anderson EL, Nugent SL, Mills GB, Belshe RB. Multidose, live attenuated, cold-recombinant, trivalent influenza vaccine in infants and young children. J Infect Dis. 1994 May;169(5):1121?1124. [PubMed]
• Treanor JJ, Kotloff K, Betts RF, Belshe R, Newman F, Iacuzio D, Wittes J, Bryant M. Evaluation of trivalent, live, cold-adapted (CAIV-T) and inactivated (TIV) influenza vaccines in prevention of virus infection and illness following challenge of adults with wild-type influenza A (H1N1), A (H3N2), and B viruses. Vaccine. 1999 Dec 10;18(9-10):899?906. [PubMed]