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Alterations in Receptor binding Properties of Recent Human Influenza H3N2

A

Anne

Senior Moderator
[SIZE=-1]http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/81/20/11170


Journal of Virology, October 2007, p. 11170-11178, Vol. 81, No. 20
0022-538X/07/$08.00+0 doi:10.1128/JVI.01217-07
Copyright ? 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.[/SIZE]
Alterations in Receptor Binding Properties of Recent Human Influenza H3N2 Viruses Are Associated with Reduced Natural Killer Cell Lysis of Infected Cells<sup>
dtri.gif
</sup>

Rachel E. Owen,<sup>1</sup><sup>,
dagger.gif
</sup><sup>,
Dagger.gif
</sup> Eriko Yamada,<sup>1</sup><sup>,
dagger.gif
</sup><sup>,
sect.gif
</sup> Catherine I. Thompson,<sup>2</sup><sup>,
dagger.gif
</sup> Louisa J. Phillipson,<sup>2</sup><sup>,3</sup> Clare Thompson,<sup>1</sup> Elizabeth Taylor,<sup>1</sup> Maria Zambon,<sup>5</sup> Helen M. I. Osborn,<sup>3</sup><sup>,4</sup> Wendy S. Barclay,<sup>2</sup><sup>*</sup> and Persephone Borrow<sup>1</sup> The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, United Kingdom,<sup>1</sup> School of Biological Sciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AJ, United Kingdom,<sup>2</sup> School of Chemistry,<sup>3</sup> School of Pharmacy, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom,<sup>4</sup> Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, United Kingdom<sup>5</sup>
Received 4 June 2007/ Accepted 20 July 2007
<!-- ABS --> Natural killer (NK) cell recognition of influenza virus-infected<sup> </sup>cells involves hemagglutinin (HA) binding to sialic acid (SA)<sup> </sup>on activating NK receptors. SA also acts as a receptor for the<sup> </sup>binding of influenza virus to its target host cells. The SA<sup> </sup>binding properties of H3N2 influenza viruses have been observed<sup> </sup>to change during circulation in humans: recent isolates are<sup> </sup>unable to agglutinate chicken red blood cells and show reduced<sup> </sup>affinity for synthetic glycopolymers representing SA-
agr.gif
-2,3-lactose<sup> </sup>(3'SL-PAA) and SA-
agr.gif
-2,6-N-acetyl lactosamine (6'SLN-PAA) carbohydrates.<sup> </sup>Here, NK lysis of cells infected with human H3N2 influenza viruses<sup> </sup>isolated between 1969 and 2003 was analyzed. Cells infected<sup> </sup>with recent isolates (1999 to 2003) were found to be lysed less<sup> </sup>effectively than cells infected with older isolates (1969 to<sup> </sup>1996). This change occurred concurrently with the acquisition<sup> </sup>of two new potential glycosylation site motifs in HA. Deletion<sup> </sup>of the potential glycosylation site motif at 133 to 135 in HA1<sup> </sup>from a recent isolate partially restored the agglutination phenotype<sup> </sup>to a recombinant virus, indicating that the HA-SA interaction<sup> </sup>is inhibited by the glycosylation modification. Deletion of<sup> </sup>either of the recently acquired potential glycosylation sites<sup> </sup>from HA led to increased NK lysis of cells infected with recombinant<sup> </sup>viruses carrying modified HA. These results indicate that alterations<sup> </sup>in HA glycosylation may affect NK cell recognition of influenza<sup> </sup>virus-infected cells in addition to virus binding to host cells.
 
Re: Alterations in Receptor binding Properties of Recent Human Influenza H3N2

just searching for related full-text articles...


http://glycob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/10/7/649
http://aac.asm.org/cgi/content/full/50/4/1470
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/101/52/18153

(I haven't read them yet)



here is my list of flu-viruses sorted by RBD from last year:


Code: 
receptor binding domain of influenza-A viruses

positions 98,134-138,153-155,184-196,216-230 in hemagglutinin
(H3-numbering)


count,species-serotype,amino-acids at these positions,representative sequence
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                 Y GVTAA WIT HPPTTSEQQSLYQ EIAARPKVRGQAGRM
   9 A-H1N1:     Y GVTAA WIT HPPTTSEQQSLYQ EIAARPKVRGQAGRM     A/turkey/Minnesota/1661/81(H1N1)
   4 A-H1N1:     . ..... ... .....N....... ...............    A/pintail duck/Alberta/210/2002(H1N1)

                .....S.S..L.....NIGD.RA..H....K.....D.E..I
 325 H-H1N1:     Y GVSAS WLT HPPNIGDQRALYH EIAKRPKVRDQEGRI     A/Wyoming/4/2003(H1N1)
  64 H-H1N1:     . ..T.. ... ..S.......I.. ...............    A/Switzerland/5389/95 (H1N1)
  44 H-H1N1:     . ..... ... ......N...... ...............    A/Yokohama/62/2002(H1N1)
  35 H-H1N2:     . ..... ... .........T... ..T............    A/Scotland/15/02(H1N2)
  26 H-H1N1:     . ..T.. ... ..S..E..KTI.R .........N.....    A/Ohio/201/1983(H1N1)
  22 H-H1N1:     . ..... ... ........K.... ...............    A/New York/4/2006(H1N1)
  17 H-H1N1:     . ..T.. ... ..S..E..KTI.R ...E.....G.A...    A/USSR/92/77(H1N1)
  16 H-H1N1:     . ..T.. ... ..S.......I.. .........G.....    A/Taiwan/01/1986(H1N1)
  13 H-H1N1:     . ..T.. ... ..S.M.....I.. ...............    A/Yokohama/24/2000(H1N1)
  12 H-H1N2:     . ..... ... ......N..T... ..T............    A/Switzerland/3100/2002(H1N2)
   8 H-H1N1:     . ..T.. ... ..S.......I.. ..T............    A/New York/694/1995(H1N1)
   8 H-H1N2:     . ..... ... ......N..T..N ...............    A/Wisconsin/12/2001(H1N2)
   7 H-H1N1:     . ..... ... ..S...V...I.. .........G.....    A/Nanchang/9/1996(H1N1)
   7 H-H1N1:     . ..T.. ... ..S..R....I.. ...............    A/Suita/1/89/(R)(H1N1)
   7 H-H1N1:     . ..T.. ... ..S.M.....I.. ...R...........    A/South Australia/64/2000(H1N1)
   7 H-H1N2:     . ..... ... .........T..N ...............    A/Yokohama/47/2002(H1N2)
   5 H-H1N1:     . ..... ... ......B...... ...............    A/Wellington/18/2000(H1N1)
   5 H-H1N1:     . ..... ... ..S.......I.. ...............    A/Singapore/15/96(H1N1)
   5 H-H1N1:     . ..T.. ... ..S..E..KTI.R ...............    A/Memphis/7/1980(H1N1)
   4 H-H1N1:     - ..... ... ............. ...............    A/Shiraz/22/2005(H1N1)
   4 H-H1N1:     . ..... ... ............. .........N.....    A/South Canterbury/35/2000(H1N1)
   4 H-H1N1:     . ..... ... ..S...V...I.. ...............    A/Nanchang/17/1996(H1N1)
   4 H-H1N1:     . ..T.A ... ....SKE.QN..Q ...E.......A..M    A/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1)
   4 H-H1N1:     . ..T.A ... ..S.SK..QNI.Q ...E.......A..M    A/PR/8/34(HON1)
   4 H-H1N1:     . ..T.. ... ..S..E..KTI.R .........G.....    A/Fiji/15899/83)]

                ....AT.A..IV....TSN..QS..Q....A.....G.A..M
  11 S-H1N1:     Y GATAA WIV HPPTSNDQQSLYQ EIAARPKVRGQAGRM     A/swine/Nederweert/13O/96(H1N1)
  11 S-H1N1:     . .V... .L. .....T....... ...............    A/swine/Wisconsin/1/61(H1N1)
  10 S-H1N1:     . ..... ... ....N........ ...............    A/Swine/Netherlands/477/93(H1N1)
   6 S-H1N1:     . .V... .L. .....T....... ...T...........    A/Swine/Indiana/1726/1988(H1N1)
   6 S-H1N2:     . .V... .L. ..S..A....... ...T.....D.....    A/Swine/Ohio/891/01(H1N2)
   5 S-H1N1:     . .V... .L. .....T....... ...S...........    A/Swine/Wisconsin/457/98(H1N1)
   4 S-H1N1:     . ..... ... .....S....... ...........T...    A/swine/Best/5R/96(H1N1)
   4 S-H1N1:     . .I... ... ....TS....... ........K......    A/Swine/Netherlands/12/85(H1N1)
   4 S-H1N1:     . .T.S. ... ....N........ ...............    A/swine/Someren/14M/96(H1N1)
   4 S-H1N2:     - .V... .L. .....A....... ...T.....D.....    A/SW/OH/7802/00(H1N2)

                ....GSR...LT...NDDTE.RT.......T....N..G...
  11 A-H2N3:     Y GGSRA WLT HPNDDTEQRTLYQ EIATRPKVNGQGGRM     A/Pintail duck/Alberta/293/77 (H2N3)
   6 A-H2N2:     . ..... ... ....E........ ...............    A/mallard/Potsdam/178-4/83 (H2N2)
   6 A-H2N5:     - ----- ... ....E....A... ......E....R...    A/tern/Australia/91/2004(H2N5)
   5 A-H2N3:     . ..... ... .....A....... ...............    A/Silky chicken/PA/9600897/96 (H2N3)
   4 A-H2N2:     . ..... ... .....A....... ...............    A/guinea/NJ/3070/91 (H2N2)
   4 A-H2N9:     . ..... ... ............. ...............    A/teal/Alberta/16/97(H2N9)

                ......K..........EA...A.......A......L.S..
   5 H-H2N2:     Y GGSKA WLT HPNDEAEQRALYQ EIAARPKVNGLGSRM     A/Taiwan/1/67(H2N2)
   4 H-H2N2:     . ...M. ... ............. ...............    A/Taiwan/1964(H2N2)
   4 H-H2N2:     . ...R. ... .....T...T... ...T........G..    A/Japan/305/1957(H2N2)
   4 H-H2N2:     . ...R. ... .....T...T... ...T...........    A/Victoria/15681/59 (H2N2)
   4 H-H2N2:     . ...R. ... .....T...T... ...T......Q.G..    A/Leningrad/134/57 (H2N2)

                ......N........STNQ..TN..V.N.GS..W.R.QSG.I
  13 A-H3N8:     Y GGSNA WLT HPSTNQEQTNLYV NIGSRPWVRGQSGRI     A/pintail duck/ALB/169/1980(H3N8)
   6 A-H3N2:     . ..... ... ............. ...............    A/pintail duck/ALB/86/1976(H3N2)
   5 A-H3N2:     . ...G. ... .........T... ......L........    A/duck/Korea/S9/03(H3N2)
   4 A-H3N8:     . ...S. ... ............. ...............    A/mallard/Alberta/127/00(H3N8)

                ....R.G.........S.....K..I.......L........
   3 C-H3N8:     Y GRSGA WLT HPSSNQEQTKLYI NIGSRPLVRGQSGRI     A/canine/Texas/1/2004(H3N8)

                .................................W........
  16 E-H3N8:     Y GRSGA WLT HPSSNQEQTKLYI NIGSRPWVRGQSGRI     A/equine/Wisconsin/1/03(H3N8)
  15 E-H3N8:     . ..... ... .....K....... ...............    A/equine/Suffolk/89(H3N8)
   8 E-H3N8:     . ..... ... .....N....... ...............    A/Equine/LaPlata/1/93(H3N8)
   8 E-H3N8:     . ..... ... ......Q..E... ...............    A/equine/Oklahoma/2000(H3N8)

                ....T.S........GTDSD.IS..A.......R..DV.S..
 347 H-H3N2:     Y GTSSA WLT HPGTDSDQISLYA NIGSRPRVRDVSSRI     A/Western Australia/50/2003(H3N2)
 300 H-H3N2:     . ..... ..H ..S.......... ......W..G.....    A/Western Australia/9/2000(H3N2)
 223 H-H3N2:     . ..... ... .....N....... ..........IP...    A/Zhejiang/546/04(H3N2)
 197 H-H3N2:     . ..... ..H ............. ......W..G.....    A/Western Australia/36/2002(H3N2)
 122 H-H3N2:     . ...Y. ..H ..S.....T.... ......W..G.....    A/Wellington/3/97(H3N2)
 116 H-H3N2:     . ...Y. ..H ..S.....T...V ......W..G.....    A/Yokohama/68/96(H3N2)
 108 H-H3N2:     . .K.Y. ..H ..S.....T...V ......W..GI....    A/West_Virginia/1/95(H3N2)
  81 H-H3N2:     . ..... ..H ..S.....T.... ......W..G.....    A/zhejiang/06/99(H3N2)
  65 H-H3N2:     . .K.Y. ..H ..S.....T...V ......W..GL....    A/Texas/57/93(H3N2)
  65 H-H3N2:     . ..... ... ....YN....... ..........IP...    A/Western Australia/78/2005(H3N2)
  64 H-H3N2:     . .E.Y. ..H ..S..RE.T...V ......W..GL....    A/Victoria/2/90(H3N2)
  58 H-H3N2:     . ..... ... .....N....... ...........P...    A/Zhejiang/95/03(H3N2)
  57 H-H3N2:     . ..... ... .....N...F... .........NIP...    A/Zhejiang/209/05(H3N2)
  53 H-H3N2:     . .K.Y. ..H ..S.....T...V ...F..W..GL....    A/New York/752/1993(H3N2)
  45 H-H3N2:     . .K.Y. ..H ..S.....T...V D..Y..W..GL....    A/Texas/5/94(H3N2)
  44 H-H3N2:     . ..... ... ....NN....... ..........IP...    A/Whanganui/69/2004(H3N2)
  43 H-H3N2:     . .G.Y. ..Y ..S..KE.TN..V ......W..GL....    A/Wellington/4/85(H3N2)
  36 H-H3N2:     . .G.Y. ..H ..S..RE.TN..V ......W..GL....    A/Wellington/5/89(H3N2)
  34 H-H3N2:     . .G.Y. ..H ..S.....T...V ......W..GQ....    A/Yokohama/73/92(H3N2)
  33 H-H3N2:     . ..... ..H ............. ...............    A/zhejiang/8/2002(H3N2)
  30 H-H3N2:     . .G.Y. ..H ..S.....T...V ......W..GL....    A/Stockholm/12/92(H3N2)
  28 H-H3N2:     . ..... ..H ............. ....G.W..G.....    A/New York/97/2002(H3N2)
  25 H-H3N2:     . ...F. ..H ..S.....T.... ......W..G.....    A/Zhejiang/18/98(H3N2)
  25 H-H3N2:     . ...Y. ..H ..S.....T...V ......W..GI....    A/Washington/5/96(H3N2)
  23 H-H3N2:     . .D.Y. ..H ..S..RE.T...I ......W..GL....    A/Wellington/66/92(H3N2)
  22 H-H3N2:     . .G.N. ... ..S.NQE.T...V ......W..GL....    A/Northern Territory/1960(H3N2)
  21 H-H3N2:     . .G.N. ..Y ..S..QE.T...V ......W..GL....    A/Udorn/72(H3N2)
  17 H-H3N2:     . .G.Y. ..H ..I..RE.TN..V ......W..GL....    A/Tokyo/1276/(H3N2)
  15 H-H3N2:     . ..... ..H ..S.......... ......W..G...I.    A/Taiwan/0275/2000 (H3N2)
  15 H-H3N2:     . ..... ... ............. ..........I....    A/Western Australia/58/2004(H3N2)
  14 H-H3N2:     . .G.Y. ..H ..S..R..T...V ......W..GQ....    A/Shanghai/24/90(H3N2)
  13 H-H3N2:     - ..... ..H ..S.......... ......W..G.....    A/Zaragoza/RR658/00(H3N2)
  13 H-H3N2:     . .G.Y. ..Y ..S..KE.TN..V ...P..W..GL....    A/Stockholm/4/(H3N2)
  13 H-H3N2:     . ..... ... .........N... ...........P...    A/Zhejiang/80/03(H3N2)
  13 H-H3N2:     . ...Y. ..H ..S.....T...V ......W..G...I.    A/Wisconsin/3/96(H3N2)
  12 H-H3N2:     . .G... ..Y ..S..KE.TD..V .V....W..GL...V    A/Rotterdam/5828/77(H3N2)
  12 H-H3N2:     . ..... ... ............. ...........P...    A/Zhejiang/92/03(H3N2)
  11 H-H3N2:     . .G.Y. ..Y ..S..KE.TN..V .V....W..GL....    A/Texas/1/77(H3N2)
  11 H-H3N2:     . .K.Y. ..H ..S.....T...V ......W..GQ....    A/Wuzhou/1/94(H3N2)
  11 H-H3N2:     . ..... ..H ............. ..........I....    A/StaCatarina/327/02(H3N2)
  10 H-H3N2:     - ...Y. ..H ..S.....T...V ......W..G.....    A/Madrid/SO1747/98(H3N2)
  10 H-H3N2:     . ..... ... .....N....... ...............    A/Waikato/108/2003(H3N2)
   9 H-H3N2:     . .E.Y. ..H ..I..RE.T...V ......W..GL....    A/Washington/15/91(H3N2)
   9 H-H3N2:     . .G.N. ..Y ..S..QE.TN..V ......W..GL....    A/Port Chalmers/73(H3N2)
   9 H-H3N2:     . ..... ... .....N..T.... ..........IP...    A/Waikato/2/2005(H3N2)
   8 H-H3N2:     - ...Y. ..H ..S.....T.... ......W..G.....    A/San Sebastian/RR390/98(H3N2)
   8 H-H3N2:     . .E.Y. ..H ..S..RE.T...I ......W..GL....    A/Stockholm/20/91(H3N2)
   8 H-H3N2:     . ..... ..H ............. ......W..G...K.    A/Western Australia/35/2002(H3N2)
   8 H-H3N2:     . ..... ... ............. ..........X....    A/New York/473/2003(H3N2)
   7 H-H3N2:     . .K.YS ..H ..S.....T...V D..Y..W..GL....    A/Spain/378/95(H3N2)
   7 H-H3N2:     . ...F. ..H ........T.... ......W..G.....    A/Virginia/21817/99(H3N2)
   7 H-H3N2:     . ..... ..H ..S.......... ......W..G...K.    A/South Australia/147/99(H3N2)
   7 H-H3N2:     . ..... ..H ..S.....T.... ......W..GI....    A/Neuquen/V690/98(H3N2)
   7 H-H3N2:     . ..... ... .....N....... ..........I....    A/Zhejiang/550/04(H3N2)
   7 H-H3N2:     . ..... ... .....N....... S......I...P...    A/Turkey/2108/2005(H3N2)
   7 H-H3N2:     . ...Y. ..H ..S.....T.I.V ......W..GI....    A/zhejiang/10/98(H3N2)
   6 H-H3N2:     . .K.Y. ..H ..S.....T...V ...F..W..GQ....    A/Vermont/3/94(H3N2)
   6 H-H3N2:     . ..... ..H ............. ......W..G...I.    A/United Kingdom/C4-13/2003(H3N2)
   6 H-H3N2:     . ..... ..H ..S.......... ....G.W..G.....    A/South Australia/71/2000(H3N2)
   6 H-H3N2:     . ..... ... .....N...F... S........NIP...    A/Sri Lanka/146/2005(H3N2)
   6 H-H3N2:     . ...Y. ..H ..S.....T.I.V ......W..G.....    A/Wuzhou/19/96(H3N2)
   5 H-H3N2:     - ..... ... ............. ...............    A/Yilan/566/04(H3N2)
   5 H-H3N2:     . .G.Y. ..Y ..S.EKE.TN..V ......W..GL....    A/Stockholm/10/85(H3N2)
   5 H-H3N2:     . .K.Y. ..H ..S.....T...V D..Y..W..GQ....    A/Paris/363/95(H3N2)
   5 H-H3N2:     . .K.YS ..H ..S.....T...V ......W..GL....    A/Stockholm/1/93(H3N2)
   5 H-H3N2:     . .K.YT ..H ..S.....T...V ......W..GL....    A/Wyoming/1/93(H3N2)
   4 H-H3N2:     . .E.Y. ..H ..S..RE.TK..V ......W..GL....    A/Beijing/353/89(H3N2)
   4 H-H3N2:     . .G.Y. ..H ..S..RE.TK..V ......W..GL....    A/Colorado/2/(H3N2)
   4 H-H3N2:     . .G.Y. ..H ..S..RE.TN..V ......W..GQ....    A/Czechoslovakia/19/89(H3N2)
   4 H-H3N2:     . .G.Y. ..Y ..I.EKE.TN..V ......W..GL....    A/Stockholm/8/(H3N2)
   4 H-H3N2:     . .G.YT ..Y ..S..KE.TN..V ......W..GL....    A/Memphis/7/85(H3N2)
   4 H-H3N2:     . .K.Y. ..H ..S.....T...V ...F..W..GL..G.    A/Pennsylvania/9/93(H3N2)
   4 H-H3N2:     . .K.Y. ..H ..S.....T...V ...Y..W..GL....    A/Washington/26/93(H3N2)
   4 H-H3N2:     . .K.YS ..H ..S.....T...V ...F..W..GL....    A/Washington/41/93(H3N2)
   4 H-H3N2:     . .K.YS ..H ..S.....T...V ......W..GI....    A/New York/635/1996(H3N2)
   4 H-H3N2:     . .K.YX ..H ..S.....T...V ......W..GL....    A/New York/772/1993(H3N2)
   4 H-H3N2:     . ..... ... .....N....... ..........XP...    A/Finland/484/2004 (H3N2)
   4 H-H3N2:     . ..... ... ............. ......K...I....    A/Stockholm/26/2002(H3N2)
   4 H-H3N2:     . ..... ... ............. .......I.......    A/South Korea/C5-4/2002(H3N2)
   4 H-H3N2:     . ..... ... ........T...V ......W..G.....    A/Kyongbuk/320/2002(H3N2)
   4 H-H3N2:     . ....S ..H ............. ......W..G.....    A/New York/216/2003(H3N2)
   4 H-H3N2:     . ...Y. ..H ..S.....TR..V ......W..GI....    A/Guangzhou/6/96(H3N2)
   4 H-H3N2:     . ...Y. ..H ..S.....T.... ......W..G...I.    A/Sydney/05/97-like(H3N2)
   4 H-H3N2:     . ...Y. ..H ..S...V.T...V ......W..GI....    A/Nanchang/933/95(H3N2)
   4 H-H3N2:     . ...Y. ..H ..S...V.T...V ......W..G.....    A/thailand/94/96(H3N2)
   4 H-H3N2:     . ...Y. ..H ..S.N...T.... ......W..G.....    A/Seoul/69/97(H3N2)

                ....G.N....Y...S..RE..N..V..V....W..GL....
   8 S-H3N2:     Y GGSNA WLY HPSTDREQINLYV NVGSRPWVRGLSSRI     A/Swine/Netherlands/L2/93(H3N2)
   6 S-H3N2:     . ...S. ... ............. ...............    A/Swine/Spain/39139/2002(H3N2)
   6 S-H3N2:     . ...YS ..H .....S..TS... .I........I....    A/Swine/Texas/4199-2/98(H3N2)
   6 S-H3N2:     . .S.Y. ..H ..G...D.T.... .I........V..I.    A/swine/Quebec/Biovet1/05(H3N2)
   4 S-H3N2:     . .T.S. ..H .....SD..SV.A .I........I....    A/swine/Guangdong/5/2003(H3N2)
   4 S-H3N2:     . .T.Y. ..H .....SD.TS... .I........V..I.    A/Swine/Wisconsin/14094/99(H3N2)

                ....K.G....K......T..T...K..I........Q.G..
  27 A-H4N6:     Y GKSGA WLK HPSTDTEQTNLYK NIGSRPWVRGQSGRI     A/pintail/Alberta/269/2001(H4N6)
  10 A-H4N2:     . ..... ... ............. ...............    A/pintail duck/ALB/599/1979(H4N2)
  10 A-H4N8:     . ..... ... ............. ...............    A/pintail duck/ALB/220/1977(H4N8)

                .....................................L.S..
   2 S-H4N6:     Y GKSGA WLK HPSTDTEQTNLYK NIGSRPWVRGLSSRI     A/Swine/Ontario/01911-2/99 (H4N6)

                ....V.S....I..SNDAA...K..Q.K.AT.SK.N.Q.G.M
 249 A-H5N1:     Y GVSSA WLI HSNDAAEQTKLYQ KIATRSKVNGQSGRM     A/white-backed munia/Hong Kong/2469/2006(H5N1)
 203 A-H5N1:     . ..... ... .P........... R..............    A/white peafowl/Bangkok/Thailand/CU-29/04(H5N1)
 201 A-H5N1:     . ..... ... .P.......R... ...............    A/wild duck/Shanghai/59/04(H5N1)
 115 A-H5N1:     . ..... ... .P........... ...............    A/tree sparrow/Henan/4/2004(H5N1)
  40 A-H5N1:     . ..... ... .P.NE....R... ...............    A/grey heron/Hong Kong/837/2004(H5N1)
  38 A-H5N1:     . ..... ... .P........... E....P.........    A/Silky Chicken/Hong Kong/p17/97 (H5N1)
  30 A-H5N1:     . ..... ... .P......I.... ...............    A/tree sparrow/Henan/3/2004(H5N1)
  30 A-H5N2:     . ..... ... .P......I.... E....P.........    A/chicken/Taiwan/1209/03(H5N2)
  30 A-H5N2:     . ..... ... .P........... E....P.........    A/wigeon/Ohio/379/1988(H5N2)
  25 A-H5N3:     . ..... ... .P........... E....P.........    A/teal/Italy/3812/2005(H5N3)
  22 A-H5N1:     . ..... ... .P..E....R... ...............    A/Quail/Shantou/911/05(H5N1)
  13 A-H5N1:     . ..... ... .P......I.... T..............    A/goose/Guiyang/337/2006(H5N1)
  11 A-H5N1:     . ..... ... .P.......RI.. ...............    A/Duck/Hunan/191/05(H5N1)
  10 A-H5N1:     . ..... ... .P.NE........ ...............    A/goose/Guangxi/3714/2005(H5N1)
  10 A-H5N9:     . ..... ... .P........... E....P.........    A/mallard/Sweden/80/02(H5N9)
   9 A-H5N1:     - ..... ... ............. ...............    A/goose/Yunnan/3359/2006(H5N1)
   7 A-H5N1:     - ..... ... .P.......R... ...............    A/turkey/Suzdalka/Nov-01/05(H5N1)
   7 A-H5N1:     . ...A. ... .P........... R..............    A/wild bird/Vietnam/434/2005(H5N1)
   7 A-H5N2:     . ..... ... .P........... E....PR........    A/duck/NY/44018-2/00(H5N2)
   6 A-H5N1:     . ...A. ... .P........... ...............    A/slaty-backed gull/Shandong/59/04(H5N1)
   6 A-H5N1:     . ..... ... .P..E....R... ..............I    A/quail/Viet Nam/15/2005(H5N1)
   6 A-H5N1:     . ..... ... ........I.... ...............    A/goose/Shantou/11989/2006(H5N1)
   6 A-H5N2:     . ..... ... .P......A.... I....P.........    A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/10210/86(H5N2)
   6 A-H5N2:     . ..... ... .P......A.... .....P.........    A/Turkey/Virginia/6962/83(H5N2)
   6 A-H5N2:     . ..... ... ............. .....PQ....R...    A/chicken/Guatemala/45511-5/00 (H5N2)
   5 A-H5N1:     . ..... ... .P...T....... ...............    A/goose/Guiyang/3610/2005(H5N1)
   5 A-H5N1:     . ..... ... .P.N.E....... ......R........    A/Goose/Hong Kong/ww491/2000(H5N1)
   4 A-H5N1:     . ..... ... .P......I.... R..............    A/Hatay/2004/(H5N1)
   4 A-H5N1:     . ..... ... .P........... ..............I    A/goose/China/F3/2004(H5N1)
   4 A-H5N1:     . ..... ... .P...T....... R..............    A/chicken/Thailand/Kamphaengphet-3-07/2005(H5N1)
   4 A-H5N2:     . ..... ... .P........... .....P........I    A/emu/Texas/39442/93(H5N2)
   4 A-H5N2:     . ..... ... .P......V.... V....PR........    A/chicken/Puebla/231-5284/98 (H5N2)
   4 A-H5N6:     . ..... ... .P........... E....P.........    A/mallard/Sweden/40/02(H5N6)

                ..............P............R..............
   2 C-H5N1:     Y GVSSA WLI HPNDAAEQTKLYQ RIATRSKVNGQSGRM     A/dog/Thailand-Suphanburi/KU-08/04(H5N1)

                ...........................E....P.........
   3 E-H5N2:     Y GVSSA WLI HPNDAAEQTKLYQ EIATRPKVNGQSGRM     A/environment/NY/5626-2/98(H5N2)

                ......................R....K....S.........
   1 F-H5N1:     Y GVSSA WLI HPNDAAEQTRLYQ KIATRSKVNGQSGRM     A/feline/Indonesia/CDC1/2006(H5N1)

                ..........................................
  45 H-H5N1:     Y GVSSA WLI HPNDAAEQTRLYQ KIATRSKVNGQSGRM     A/Indonesia/CDC742/2006(H5N1)
  18 H-H5N1:     . ..... ... .........K... R..............    A/Viet Nam/DN-33/2004(H5N1)
  15 H-H5N1:     . ..... ... .........K... E....P.........    A/Hong Kong/486/97(H5N1)
   4 H-H5N1:     . ..... ... ............. ...........N...    A/Hong Kong/213/03(H5N1)

                ......................K....R..............
   1 L-H5N1:     Y GVSSA WLI HPNDAAEQTKLYQ RIATRSKVNGQSGRM     A/leopard/Suphanburi/Thailand/Leo-1/04(H5N1)

                ...........................K..............
   2 S-H5N1:     Y GVSSA WLI HPNDAAEQTKLYQ KIATRSKVNGQSGRM     A/swine/Fujian/F1/2001(H5N1)

                ...........................R..............
   8 T-H5N1:     Y GVSSA WLI HPNDAAEQTKLYQ RIATRSKVNGQSGRM     A/tiger/Thailand/SPB-1(H5N1)

                ...........................E....P.........
   2 U-H5N2:     Y GVSSA WLI HPNDAAEQTKLYQ EIATRPKVNGQSGRM     A/unknown/NY/118547-11/01(H5N2)

                .....T....IK...P.EV..AN..G....D..PA...R..I
  14 A-H6N8:     Y GVTSA WIK HPPDEVEQANLYG EIADRPPANGQRGRI     A/Redhead/Alberta/291/94(H6N8)
  10 A-H6N1:     . ...K. ... ....TN..NT... ...A..AV.......    A/turkey/Germany/R30/99(H6N1)
  10 A-H6N2:     . ..S.. ... ....TN..NT... ...A..AV.......    A/duck/Hong Kong/3600/99 (H6N2)
  10 A-H6N2:     . ...K. ... ....TN..NT... ...A..AV.......    A/turkey/Canada/63(H6N2)
   9 A-H6N1:     . ...N. ... ....TTV.D.... ...A..AV....S..    A/duck/Taiwan/WB239/03(H6N1)
   9 A-H6N2:     . ..... ... ............. ...............    A/pintail/Ohio/351/1987(H6N2)
   8 A-H6N5:     . ...K. ... ....TN..NT... ...A..AV.......    A/turkey/Germany/R43/98(H6N5)
   8 A-H6N8:     . ...K. ... ....TN..NT... ...A..AV.......    A/turkey/France/01062/2001(H6N8)
   7 A-H6N1:     . .T.RS ... ...NTD..DT... ...A..AV.......    A/Teal/Hong Kong/W312/97(H6N1)
   6 A-H6N1:     . ...N. ... ....TTV.DT... ...A..AV....S..    A/chicken/Taiwan/1215/01(H6N1)
   6 A-H6N2:     . ...R. ... ....TDA.N.... ...A..VV.......    A/chicken/California/905/01(H6N2)
   5 A-H6N2:     . ...R. ... ....TNA.N.... ..SA..VV.......    A/Chicken/California/6643/2001(H6N2)
   5 A-H6N2:     . ..... ... ....DN....... ...S...V.......    A/pintail duck/ALB/133/1978(H6N2)
   5 A-H6N3:     . ..... ... ............. ...............    A/mallard duck/ALB/76/1985(H6N3)
   5 A-H6N6:     . ..... ... ............. .......V.......    A/widgeon/ALB/256/1982(H6N6)
   4 A-H6N2:     . ..... ... ............. ...G...........    A/shoveler/ALB/114/1985(H6N2)
   4 A-H6N5:     . ...R. ... ....TN..NT... ...A..AV.......    A/Shearwater/Australia/1/72(H6N5)

                ....A.....LN..SESVS..TK....SPGA.--------..
  39 A-H7N2:     Y GATSA WLN HSESVSEQTKLYG SPGAR--------RI     A/turkey/VA/67/02(H7N2)
  22 A-H7N1:     . ..... ... ..G.TT....... .....PQVNGQSG..    A/turkey/Italy/977/99 (H7N1)
  22 A-H7N1:     . .T..T ... ..G.TT....... ...E.PQVNGQSG..    A/turkey/Italy/5074/99 (H7N1)
  20 A-H7N7:     . ..... ... ..G.TT....... .....PQVNGQSG..    A/turkey/Germany/R11/01(H7N7)
  15 A-H7N3:     . ..... ... ..G.TT....... .....PQVNGQSG..    A/turkey/Oregon/1971(H7N3)
  14 A-H7N3:     . ..... ... ..G.AT....... .....PQVNGQSG..    A/Turkey/Colorado/13356/91 (H7N3)
   8 A-H7N2:     . .T... ... ............. .T.............    A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/13552-1/98 (H7N2)
   8 A-H7N7:     . ...N. ... ..G.TT....... .....PQVNGQSG..    A/Mallard/Sweden/93/02(H7N7)
   7 A-H7N1:     . ..... ... ..G.TA....... .....PQVNGQSG..    A/parrot/England/1174/94(H7N1)
   7 A-H7N2:     . ..... ... ..G.......... .....PQVNGQSG..    A/Chicken/Rhode Island/4328/95 (H7N2)
   6 A-H7N3:     . .V... ... ..G.AN....... .....PQVNGQSG..    A/turkey/Chile/4418/02(H7N3)
   5 A-H7N1:     . .T... ... ..G.TT....... .....PQVNGQSG..    A/turkey/Italy/4857/99 (H7N1)
   4 A-H7N1:     . ..... ... ..V.TT....... .L...PQVNGQSG..    A/turkey/Italy/4042/99 (H7N1)
   4 A-H7N1:     . ..... ... ..V.TT....... .....PQVNGQSG..    A/turkey/Italy/2715/99 (H7N1)
   4 A-H7N2:     . ..... ... ............. N..............    A/guineafowl/NY/4649-18/2006(H7N2)
   4 A-H7N3:     . ..... ... ..G.AN....... .....PQVNGQSG..    A/Quail/Arkansas/16309-7/94 (H7N3)
   4 A-H7N3:     . ....S ... ..G.TT...R... .....PQVNGQSG..    A/peregrine falcon/U.A.E./188/2384/98(H7N3)
   4 A-H7N7:     - ----- --- ..G.TT....... .....PQVNGQSG..    A/Mongolia/736/02(H7N7)

                ....E..........G.TA...R....N..P.PQINGQSG..
   6 E-H7N7:     Y GETSA WLN HSGSTAEQTRLYG NPGPRPQINGQSGRI     A/equine/Sao Paulo/1/76(H7N7)

                ....A......S......T...K....S..A...V.......
   1 H-H7N1:     Y GATSA WLS HSGSTTEQTKLYG SPGARPQVNGQSGRI     A/Hong Kong/301/78(H7N1)

                ....T......N..........R...................
   1 S-H7N7:     Y GTTSA WLN HSGSTTEQTRLYG SPGARPQVNGQSGRI     A/seal/Mass/1/80(H7N7)

                .....SK....K..PPD.K...T..K.NI.P..L.R..Q..M
   7 A-H8N4:     Y GTSKA WLK HPPDTKEQTTLYK NIGPRPLVRGQQGRM     A/Turkey/Ontario/6118/68(H8N4)

                ...........T....TDTA..N..T.L.......N.L...I
  39 A-H9N2:     Y GTSKA WLT HPPTDTAQTNLYT LIGPRPLVNGLQGRI     A/Silky Chicken/Hong Kong/SF44/99(H9N2)
  17 A-H9N2:     . ..... ... ............I V......A.......    A/turkey/Tzur Moshe/1565/04(H9N2)
  17 A-H9N2:     . ..... ... ......V...... ...............    A/wild duck/Nanchang/2-0480/2000(H9N2)
  16 A-H9N2:     . ..... ... ......E.....K V.........Q....    A/mallard/Alberta/321/88(H9N2)
  14 A-H9N2:     . ..... ... ......E.M...K V.........Q....    A/silky chicken/Korea/S3/03(H9N2)
  13 A-H9N2:     - ----- --- ----........I V......A.......    A/turkey/Shadmot Dvorah/1567(H9N2)
  11 A-H9N2:     - ----- --- ----..E.....I V.........Q....    A/turkey/Sapir/1199/02(H9N2)
  11 A-H9N2:     . ..... ... ......V...... ..........Q....    A/duck/Hubei/W1/2004(H9N2)
  10 A-H9N2:     - ----- --- ----........I V..............    A/turkey/Kfar Vitkin/616/02 (H9N2)
  10 A-H9N2:     . ..... ... ............. V.........Q....    A/chicken/Shandong/7/96(H9N2)
   9 A-H9N2:     . ..... ... ............I V..............    A/turkey/Kfar Vitkin/616/02 (H9N2)
   8 A-H9N2:     . ..... ... ............. M.........Q....    A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98(H9N2)
   7 A-H9N2:     - ----- --- ----........I V......A..Q....    A/turkey/Nahalal/1547/04(H9N2)
   6 A-H9N2:     - ----- --- -...E.......I M.........Q....    A/chicken/Iran8/01(H9N2)
   6 A-H9N2:     . ..... ... ............. V..............    A/quail/Nanchang/2-0460/2000(H9N2)
   6 A-H9N2:     . ..... ... ......E.....I V.........Q....    A/turkey/Yedidia/911/02(H9N2)
   6 A-H9N2:     . ..... ... ......T...... ...............    A/Quail/Shanghai/8/96(H9N2)
   6 A-H9N2:     . ..... ... ......V...... V.........Q....    A/Chicken/Sichuan/5/97(H9N2)
   6 A-H9N2:     . ...R. ... ......E.....K V.........Q....    A/turkey/Germany/R33/96(H9N2)
   6 A-H9N2:     . ...R. ... ....Y.E.....I V..............    A/Quail/Hong Kong/SSP10/99(H9N2)
   5 A-H9N1:     . ..... ... .....AE.....K V.........Q....    A/mallard/Alberta/743/83(H9N1)
   5 A-H9N2:     . ..... ... ............I V......A..Q....    A/turkey/Gyvat Haim Ehud/1544/03(H9N2)
   5 A-H9N2:     . ..... ... ......E.I...K V.....P...Q....    A/chicken/SNU0146/2000(H9N2)
   5 A-H9N2:     . ..... ... ......T...... ..........Q....    A/chicken/Yunnan/Xie-1/1999(H9N2)
   5 A-H9N2:     . ..... ... ......T...... V.........Q....    A/duck/Nanjing/2/97(H9N2)
   5 A-H9N2:     . ...R. ... ......V..E... M.........Q....    A/Chicken/Shijiazhuang/2/99(H9N2)
   4 A-H9N2:     . ..... ... .....AE.....K V.........Q....    A/Duck/Hong Kong/366/78(H9N2)
   4 A-H9N2:     . ..... ... ............. ..........Q....    A/Chicken/Yunnan/1/99(H9N2)
   4 A-H9N2:     . ..... ... ......E.I...K V.........Q....    A/duck/Hokkaido/49/98(H9N2)
   4 A-H9N2:     . ..... ... N............ S..............    A/Duck/Shantou/2144/00(H9N2)
   4 A-H9N2:     . ...R. ... ......E..D..K V.........Q....    A/Turkey/Wisconsin/66(H9N2)

                ......R..........Y.E.....I.V..............
   3 H-H9N2:     Y GTSRA WLT HPPTYTEQTNLYI VIGPRPLVNGLQGRI     A/Hong Kong/1074/99(H9N2)

                ......K..........D...M...K...........Q....
   4 S-H9N2:     Y GTSKA WLT HPPTDTEQMNLYK VIGPRPLVNGQQGRI     A/swine/Korea/S83/2004(H9N2)
   4 S-H9N2:     . ..... ... ......V.T...T ..........LH...    A/Swine/Hong Kong/9/98(H9N2)

                .....T.....K...SSTQ.KND..G..V.A..Q....S...
  17 A-H10N:     Y GTTKA WLK HPSSTQEKNDLYG VVGARPQVNGQSGRI     A/Shorebird/Taiwan/31-4/99)]

                .............................R............
   1 M-H10N:     Y GTTKA WLK HPSSTQEKNDLYG VVRARPQVNGQSGRI     /Mink/4(HA)/H10N4/Sweden/1984

                ....V.A....I...ATLK.HQ...K.EIST..K....A..M
  12 A-H11N:     Y GVTAA WLI HPATLKEHQDLYK EISTRPKVNGQAGRM     A/swan/Shimane/48/1997(H11N2)

                ....TSK....T...P.SD.QVK....N.GP..L.R..Q...
   6 A-H12N:     Y GTSKA WLT HPPTSDEQVKLYK NIGPRPLVRGQQGRM     A/ruddy turnstone/DE/97/2000(H12N5)

                .....TS...FI...VSV..TKT..V.ET.V..GYN..RSW.
   3 A-H13N:     Y GTTSA WFI HPVSVDETKTLYV ETGVRPGYNGQRSWM     A/Gull/Maryland/704/77(H13N6)

                ....SS....LK...S.DN.QTD..K.NI.S..RVRN.SGRI
   1 A-H14N:     Y GSSSA WLK HPSSDNEQTDLYK NIGSRPRVRNQSGRI     A/mallard duck/Astrakhan/263/1982(H14N5)

                ....AT.....S..S..LD..NK..G.SP.A..K.NG.A...
   5 A-H15N:     Y GATSA WLS HSSSLDEQNKLYG SPGARPKVNGQAGRI     A/wedge-tailed shearwater/Western Australia/2576/1979(H15N9)

                .F..T.AS...V..PDTEATA....V.EI.T.-IGD..RSWM
   3 A-H16N:     F GTTAS WLV HPDTEATANKLYV EIGTR-IGDGQRSWM     A/black-headed gull/Sweden/4/99(H16N3)



Code: 
human H3N2
Amino positions 133-135 in HA
year
,count

DGA  1996 ,1
DGE  1993 ,5
DGE  1995 ,1
DGG  1968 ,1
DGG  1969 ,2
DGG  1978 ,1
DGG  1990 ,2
DGG  1991 ,2
DGG  1992 ,25
DGG  1993 ,49
DGG  1994 ,14
DGG  1995 ,1
DGG  1997 ,2
DGG  1998 ,6
DGG  1999 ,9
DGK  1993 ,116
DGK  1994 ,106
DGK  1995 ,140
DGK  1996 ,38
DGK  2000 ,2
DGR  1993 ,2
DGS  2005 ,14
DGT  1994 ,2
DGT  1995 ,8
DGT  1996 ,62
DGT  1997 ,47
DGT  1998 ,10
DGT  1999 ,7
DGT  2001 ,1
DGT  2002 ,1
DGT  2003 ,3
DGT  2004 ,3
DGT  2006 ,2
GGG  1987 ,1
GGG  1995 ,1
KGG  1976 ,1
MEG  2001 ,1
NEG  1983 ,1
NEG  1985 ,1
NEG  1987 ,1
NGA  1972 ,1
NGA  1989 ,1
NGD  1992 ,7
NGD  1993 ,6
NGE  1976 ,1
NGE  1977 ,1
NGE  1980 ,1
NGG  1967 ,3
NGG  1968 ,20
NGG  1969 ,8
NGG  1970 ,4
NGG  1971 ,9
NGG  1972 ,23
NGG  1973 ,10
NGG  1974 ,11
NGG  1975 ,13
NGG  1976 ,24
NGG  1977 ,21
NGG  1978 ,9
NGG  1979 ,5
NGG  1980 ,10
NGG  1981 ,1
NGG  1982 ,6
NGG  1983 ,2
NGG  1984 ,4
NGG  1985 ,11
NGG  1986 ,2
NGG  1987 ,6
NGG  1988 ,3
NGG  1989 ,1
NGG  1990 ,3
NGG  1991 ,3
NGG  1992 ,7
NGG  1993 ,8
NGG  1994 ,8
NGG  1995 ,5
NGG  1996 ,5
NGG  1997 ,3
NGG  1998 ,3
NGG  1999 ,9
NGG  2000 ,27
NGG  2001 ,23
NGG  2002 ,8
NGG  2003 ,12
NGG  2004 ,4
NGG  2005 ,8
NGG  2006 ,1
NGI  2000 ,1
NGK  1995 ,3
NGR  1972 ,1
NGR  1976 ,1
NGR  1979 ,1
NGR  1984 ,1
NGR  1985 ,3
NGR  1986 ,1
NGR  1987 ,1
NGR  1988 ,1
NGR  1989 ,8
NGR  1990 ,1
NGR  1991 ,10
NGR  1992 ,5
NGR  1993 ,6
NGR  1994 ,4
NGR  1995 ,2
NGR  1996 ,4
NGR  1997 ,2
NGR  1998 ,1
NGR  1999 ,6
NGR  2000 ,2
NGR  2001 ,2
NGR  2002 ,2
NGR  2003 ,6
NGR  2004 ,5
NGR  2005 ,8
NGS  1979 ,2
NGS  1990 ,1
NGS  2000 ,1
NGT  1967 ,166
NGT  1989 ,1
NGT  1991 ,1
NGT  1996 ,83
NGT  1997 ,93
NGT  1998 ,187
NGT  1999 ,301
NGT  2000 ,213
NGT  2001 ,83
NGT  2002 ,359
NGT  2003 ,471
NGT  2004 ,492
NGT  2005 ,413
NGT  2006 ,159
NGT  2007 ,6
PGT  1998 ,1
SGD  1990 ,1
SGD  1991 ,5
SGD  1992 ,10
SGD  1993 ,5
SGE  1989 ,11
SGE  1990 ,4
SGE  1991 ,34
SGE  1992 ,41
SGE  1993 ,1
SGE  1994 ,2
SGE  1998 ,1
SGE  2000 ,5
SGG  1977 ,1
SGG  1979 ,5
SGG  1980 ,11
SGG  1981 ,6
SGG  1982 ,12
SGG  1983 ,14
SGG  1984 ,8
SGG  1985 ,35
SGG  1986 ,11
SGG  1987 ,20
SGG  1988 ,20
SGG  1989 ,39
SGG  1990 ,13
SGG  1991 ,4
SGG  1993 ,2
SGG  2001 ,1
SGG  2002 ,1
SGG  2003 ,1
SGG  2004 ,1
SGT  1999 ,1


so newer viruses have NGT at 133-135



Code: 
Y DGKSYA WLH HPSTDSDQTSLYV NIGSRPWVRGISSRI  1995 ,78
Y NGTSSA WLT HPGTDSDQISLYA NIGSRPRVRDVSSRI  2003 ,311
  x x x    x   x     x   x       x  xx
 
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Re: Alterations in Receptor binding Properties of Recent Human Influenza H3N2

http://glycob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/10/7/649
thank you gsgs, I ve juste read the first..
abstracts...



While it is clear that sialic acid enhances influenza binding<sup> </sup>and entry, the requirement for accessible surface sialic acid<sup> </sup>is not absolute. We present multiple lines of evidence for sialic<sup> </sup>acid-independent entry by influenza A viruses. Binding of permissive<sup> </sup>cells by virus is not abolished by sialidase treatment (Figure<sup> </sup>2), as reported previously (Pedroso de Lima et al., 1995). In<sup> </sup>contrast, hemagglutination (red-blood cell cross-linking) is<sup> </sup>prevented by sialidase (Burnet et al., 1946; Air and Laver,<sup> </sup>1995; Yang et al., 1997). Desialylated cells retain the ability<sup> </sup>to bind virus and be infected by numerous influenza strains,<sup> </sup>even though all susceptible sialic acids have been released<sup> </sup>(Figures 1 and 4; Table III; Fazekas de St. Groth, 1948; Ghendon,<sup> </sup>1977; Liu and Air, 1993).

snip

Our data demonstrate that accessible surface sialic acid is<sup> </sup>dispensable for influenza virus infection, although the presence<sup> </sup>of sialic acid enhances the efficiency of influenza entry. Any<sup> </sup>requirement for initial interactions with sialic acid to enrich<sup> </sup>the virus at the cell surface may be bypassed in the presence<sup> </sup>of larger amounts of virus. Identification of additional virus<sup> </sup>receptors and a better understanding of viral entry pathways<sup> </sup>may provide insights into cellular uptake of macromolecules,<sup> </sup>and identification of other mediators of virus entry may present<sup> </sup>targets for drug intervention in the viral life cycle

but here at : http://aac.asm.org/cgi/content/full/50/4/1470
it seems to be different..

do some one know the name of this DAS128 which seems promising ?

We demonstrate that a sialidase<sup> </sup>fusion construct, DAS181, effectively cleaves sialic acid receptors<sup> </sup>used by both human and avian influenza viruses
 
Re: Alterations in Receptor binding Properties of Recent Human Influenza H3N2

I also read something from the articles now.
Was quite interesting, but not so much related to your article.

---------------
sialic acid binding is not sufficient for virus infection, N-linked glycoprotein
is required
----------------
DAS 181 as quoted


============================

so why do we have NGT now at 133-135 in H3N2 and why did it take
30 years that H3N2 got the trick ?
Is it related to some other changes ?
is there something similar in H1N1,
could this play a role with H5N1 ?
 
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