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Structure-Guided Functional Annotation of the Influenza A Virus NS1 Protein Reveals Dynamic Evolution of the p85β-Binding Site During Circulation in Humans

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  • Structure-Guided Functional Annotation of the Influenza A Virus NS1 Protein Reveals Dynamic Evolution of the p85β-Binding Site During Circulation in Humans

    J Virol. 2017 Aug 16. pii: JVI.01081-17. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01081-17. [Epub ahead of print]
    Structure-Guided Functional Annotation of the Influenza A Virus NS1 Protein Reveals Dynamic Evolution of the p85β-Binding Site During Circulation in Humans.

    Lopes AM1, Domingues P1, Zell R2, Hale BG3.
    Author information

    Abstract

    Rational characterization of virulence and host-adaptive markers in the multifunctional influenza A virus NS1 protein is hindered by a lack of comprehensive knowledge about NS1-host protein-protein interfaces. Here, we surveyed the impact of amino-acid variation in NS1 at its structurally-defined binding site for host p85β, a regulator of phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) signaling. Structure-guided alanine-scanning of all viral residues at this interface defined 10 positions contributing to the interaction, with residues 89, 95, 98, 133, 145 and 162 being most important. Bioinformatic study of >24,000 publicly-available NS1 sequences derived from viruses infecting different hosts highlighted several prevalent amino-acid variants at the p85β interface that either enhanced (I95) or weakened (N135, T145, L161, Y161, S164) p85β-binding. Interestingly, analysis of viruses circulating in humans since the 1918 pandemic revealed temporal acquisition of functionally relevant variants at this interface. I95 (enhanced p85β-binding) quickly became prevalent in the 1940s, and experimentally conferred a fitness advantage to a recombinant 1930s-based H1N1 virus in human lung epithelial cells. Surprisingly, both H1N1 and H3N2 viruses recently acquired T145 or N135, respectively, which diminished p85β-binding, but apparently not overall fitness in the human population. Evolutionary analyses revealed co-variation of the NS1-p85β binding phenotype in humans with functional changes at multiple residues in other viral proteins, suggesting unexplored compensatory or synergistic interplay between phenotypes in vivo Overall, our data provide a resource to understand consequences of the NS1-p85β binding spectrum of different influenza viruses, and highlight dynamic evolution of this property in viruses circulating in humans.IMPORTANCE In humans, influenza A viruses are responsible for causing seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. These viruses also circulate and evolve in other animal species, creating a reservoir from which novel viruses with distinct properties can emerge. The viral non-structural protein, NS1, is an important host-range determinant and virulence factor that exhibits strain-specific interactions with several host factors, although few have been characterized extensively. Here, we comprehensively surveyed the impact of natural and unnatural NS1 variation on the binding of NS1 to host p85β, a subunit of phosphoinositide-3 kinase that regulates intracellular metabolism and contributes to virus replication and virulence. We define the p85β-binding site on NS1 and provide a predictive resource to assess this NS1 ability in viruses from different hosts. Strikingly, we uncover a spectrum of p85β-binding by different NS1s, and reveal that viruses evolving in humans have undergone dynamic changes in this NS1 function over the last century.
    Copyright ? 2017 Lopes et al.


    PMID: 28814525 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01081-17
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