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Hum Vaccin Immunother
. 2024 Dec 31;20(1):2345505.
doi: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2345505. Epub 2024 May 9. Association between combination COVID-19-influenza vaccination and long COVID in middle-aged and older Europeans: A cross-sectional study
Wenyan Wu 1 , Xiaowei Zheng 2 , Huan Ding 3 , Tongtong Miao 4 , Yuhan Zang 5 , Suwen Shen 6 , Yumeng Gao 7
Affiliations
The potential impact of combined COVID-19 and influenza vaccination on long COVID remains uncertain. In the present cross-sectional study, we aimed to investigate the plausible association between them in middle-aged and older Europeans based on the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). A total of 1910 participants were recruited in the analyses. The study outcome was long COVID. Participants were divided into 4 groups through the self-reported status of COVID-19 and influenza vaccination. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. 1397 participants experienced long COVID. After multivariable adjustment, those vaccinated with neither COVID-19 nor influenza vaccine had higher risk of long COVID (OR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.26-2.35) compared to those vaccinated with both vaccines. Furthermore, adding the 4 statuses of COVID-19 vaccination/influenza vaccination to conventional risk model improved risk reclassification for long COVID (continuous net reclassification improvement was 16.26% [p = .003], and integrated discrimination improvement was 0.51% [p = .005]). No heterogeneity was found in the subgroup analyses (all p-interaction ≥0.05). Our study might provide a strategy for people aged 50 and over to reduce the occurrence of long COVID, that is, to combine the use of the COVID-19 vaccine and influenza vaccines.
Keywords: COVID-19 vaccine; Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe; combined use; influenza vaccine; long COVID.
. 2024 Dec 31;20(1):2345505.
doi: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2345505. Epub 2024 May 9. Association between combination COVID-19-influenza vaccination and long COVID in middle-aged and older Europeans: A cross-sectional study
Wenyan Wu 1 , Xiaowei Zheng 2 , Huan Ding 3 , Tongtong Miao 4 , Yuhan Zang 5 , Suwen Shen 6 , Yumeng Gao 7
Affiliations
- PMID: 38724010
- DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2345505
The potential impact of combined COVID-19 and influenza vaccination on long COVID remains uncertain. In the present cross-sectional study, we aimed to investigate the plausible association between them in middle-aged and older Europeans based on the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). A total of 1910 participants were recruited in the analyses. The study outcome was long COVID. Participants were divided into 4 groups through the self-reported status of COVID-19 and influenza vaccination. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. 1397 participants experienced long COVID. After multivariable adjustment, those vaccinated with neither COVID-19 nor influenza vaccine had higher risk of long COVID (OR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.26-2.35) compared to those vaccinated with both vaccines. Furthermore, adding the 4 statuses of COVID-19 vaccination/influenza vaccination to conventional risk model improved risk reclassification for long COVID (continuous net reclassification improvement was 16.26% [p = .003], and integrated discrimination improvement was 0.51% [p = .005]). No heterogeneity was found in the subgroup analyses (all p-interaction ≥0.05). Our study might provide a strategy for people aged 50 and over to reduce the occurrence of long COVID, that is, to combine the use of the COVID-19 vaccine and influenza vaccines.
Keywords: COVID-19 vaccine; Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe; combined use; influenza vaccine; long COVID.