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Front Immunol
. 2025 Dec 18:16:1699275.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1699275. eCollection 2025. Females with obesity exhibit greater influenza vaccine-induced immunity and protection than males in a mouse model
Brian Wolfe # 1 , Saurav Pantha # 1 , Saranya Vijayakumar 1 , Shristy Budha Magar 1 , Tawfik Aboellail 1 2 , Santosh Dhakal 1
Affiliations
Introduction: Obesity is increasing globally, and it negatively impacts influenza vaccine efficacy. Although sex differences in influenza vaccine responses are studied in non-obese hosts, studies investigating sex differences in influenza vaccine-induced immunity and protection during obesity are limited.
Materials and methods: Using the C57BL/6J mouse model of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity or low-fat diet controls, we investigated sex differences in influenza vaccine-induced immunity and protection during obesity. Male and female mice with or without obesity were vaccinated intramuscularly twice at a 3-week interval with an inactivated 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus (IAV) vaccine. At 35 days post-vaccination (dpv), antibody responses in plasma and B- and T-cell responses in spleen and bone marrow were quantified. At 42 dpv, mice were intranasally challenged with a drift variant of the H1N1 IAV, and disease severity was assessed by monitoring the change in body mass up to 21 days post-challenge (dpc). Subsets of mice were euthanized at 3 dpc to determine pulmonary virus replication (TCID50 assay), histopathology (H&E staining), and cytokine/chemokine responses (multiplex ELISA).
Results: Female mice, irrespective of diet and obesity status, developed higher antibody responses and were better protected compared to males. Vaccinated males with obesity mounted the poorest antibody responses, experienced a more severe disease, were unable to clear replicating virus from the lungs effectively, and demonstrated heightened pulmonary inflammation. Despite these differences, splenic B- and T-cell frequencies were comparable, suggesting the inefficiency of B cells to produce antibodies in males but not in females with obesity.
Discussion: Our findings suggest that sex differences are observed in influenza vaccine-induced immunity and protection during obesity, where males are more severely affected. These findings highlight the importance of considering biological sex and obesity status in influenza vaccine design and testing.
Keywords: B-cell responses; body mass index (BMI); influenza vaccines; vaccine efficacy; virus-neutralizing antibodies.
. 2025 Dec 18:16:1699275.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1699275. eCollection 2025. Females with obesity exhibit greater influenza vaccine-induced immunity and protection than males in a mouse model
Brian Wolfe # 1 , Saurav Pantha # 1 , Saranya Vijayakumar 1 , Shristy Budha Magar 1 , Tawfik Aboellail 1 2 , Santosh Dhakal 1
Affiliations
- PMID: 41488663
- PMCID: PMC12756896
- DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1699275
Introduction: Obesity is increasing globally, and it negatively impacts influenza vaccine efficacy. Although sex differences in influenza vaccine responses are studied in non-obese hosts, studies investigating sex differences in influenza vaccine-induced immunity and protection during obesity are limited.
Materials and methods: Using the C57BL/6J mouse model of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity or low-fat diet controls, we investigated sex differences in influenza vaccine-induced immunity and protection during obesity. Male and female mice with or without obesity were vaccinated intramuscularly twice at a 3-week interval with an inactivated 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus (IAV) vaccine. At 35 days post-vaccination (dpv), antibody responses in plasma and B- and T-cell responses in spleen and bone marrow were quantified. At 42 dpv, mice were intranasally challenged with a drift variant of the H1N1 IAV, and disease severity was assessed by monitoring the change in body mass up to 21 days post-challenge (dpc). Subsets of mice were euthanized at 3 dpc to determine pulmonary virus replication (TCID50 assay), histopathology (H&E staining), and cytokine/chemokine responses (multiplex ELISA).
Results: Female mice, irrespective of diet and obesity status, developed higher antibody responses and were better protected compared to males. Vaccinated males with obesity mounted the poorest antibody responses, experienced a more severe disease, were unable to clear replicating virus from the lungs effectively, and demonstrated heightened pulmonary inflammation. Despite these differences, splenic B- and T-cell frequencies were comparable, suggesting the inefficiency of B cells to produce antibodies in males but not in females with obesity.
Discussion: Our findings suggest that sex differences are observed in influenza vaccine-induced immunity and protection during obesity, where males are more severely affected. These findings highlight the importance of considering biological sex and obesity status in influenza vaccine design and testing.
Keywords: B-cell responses; body mass index (BMI); influenza vaccines; vaccine efficacy; virus-neutralizing antibodies.