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Virol J
. 2024 Dec 21;21(1):329.
doi: 10.1186/s12985-024-02566-w. Calceolarioside B inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 variant cell entry and modulates immune response
Xiao-Bin Lin # 1 , Yu-Zhi Yao # 1 2 , Qi-Rong Wen 3 , Fu-Bin Liu 4 , Yuan-Xuan Cai 1 , Rui-Hong Chen 5 , Jin Han 6
Affiliations
This study evaluated the inhibitory effects of calceolarioside B, extracted from the traditional Chinese herb Mutong (Akebia quinata Thumb), on the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 variant. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations predicted the binding sites and interactions between calceolarioside B and the Omicron BA.2 spike (S) protein. Biolayer interferometry (BLI) and immunofluorescence assays validated its high-affinity binding. Pseudovirus entry assays assessed the inhibitory effects of calceolarioside B on viral entry into host cells, while enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measured inflammatory cytokine levels. Flow cytometry was used to analyze its effects on macrophage phenotype switching. Results demonstrated that calceolarioside B could bind to the Omicron BA.2 S protein with high affinity, and significantly inhibited viral entry into host cells by interfering with the binding of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and S protein. Additionally, calceolarioside B reduced IL(interleukin)-6 expression levels and promoted the switch of macrophages from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. These findings suggest that calceolarioside B possesses antiviral and immunomodulatory effects, making it a potential dual-function inhibitor for the treatment of COVID-19.
Keywords: Calceolarioside B; Immunomodulation; Molecular docking; SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2; Viral inhibition.
. 2024 Dec 21;21(1):329.
doi: 10.1186/s12985-024-02566-w. Calceolarioside B inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 variant cell entry and modulates immune response
Xiao-Bin Lin # 1 , Yu-Zhi Yao # 1 2 , Qi-Rong Wen 3 , Fu-Bin Liu 4 , Yuan-Xuan Cai 1 , Rui-Hong Chen 5 , Jin Han 6
Affiliations
- PMID: 39707427
- PMCID: PMC11662824
- DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02566-w
This study evaluated the inhibitory effects of calceolarioside B, extracted from the traditional Chinese herb Mutong (Akebia quinata Thumb), on the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 variant. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations predicted the binding sites and interactions between calceolarioside B and the Omicron BA.2 spike (S) protein. Biolayer interferometry (BLI) and immunofluorescence assays validated its high-affinity binding. Pseudovirus entry assays assessed the inhibitory effects of calceolarioside B on viral entry into host cells, while enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measured inflammatory cytokine levels. Flow cytometry was used to analyze its effects on macrophage phenotype switching. Results demonstrated that calceolarioside B could bind to the Omicron BA.2 S protein with high affinity, and significantly inhibited viral entry into host cells by interfering with the binding of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and S protein. Additionally, calceolarioside B reduced IL(interleukin)-6 expression levels and promoted the switch of macrophages from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. These findings suggest that calceolarioside B possesses antiviral and immunomodulatory effects, making it a potential dual-function inhibitor for the treatment of COVID-19.
Keywords: Calceolarioside B; Immunomodulation; Molecular docking; SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2; Viral inhibition.