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PLoS Pathog
. 2026 Jan 7;22(1):e1013153.
doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1013153. Online ahead of print. Evaluating modes of influenza transmission (EMIT-2): Insights from lack of transmission in a controlled transmission trial with naturally infected donors
Jianyu Lai 1 , Hamed Sobhani 2 , Kristen K Coleman 1 , S-H Sheldon Tai 1 , Filbert Hong 1 , Isabel Sierra Maldonado 1 , Yi Esparza 1 , Kathleen M McPhaul 1 , Shengwei Zhu 2 , Don L DeVoe 2 3 , Justin R Ortiz 4 , Shuo Chen 5 , Temima Yellin 6 , Juan Manuel Carreno 6 , Florian Krammer 6 7 8 9 , Benjamin J Cowling 10 , Aubree Gordon 11 , Wilbur H Chen 4 , Jelena Srebric 2 , Donald K Milton 1 3 ; EMIT-2 Study Team
Affiliations
A previous controlled human influenza transmission trial produced minimal transmission using nasal inoculation of an egg adapted virus. Therefore, we implemented a new trial with naturally infected Donors. We recruited healthy Recipients for four, two-week hotel quarantine cohorts and naturally infected, qRT-PCR confirmed Donors for two cohorts. Five Donors (mean age: 21; 80% female; two H1N1, three H3N2, one for cohort 24b and 4 for 24c, Jan-Feb 2024) exposed Recipients (mean age: 36; 55% female, eight in cohort 24b and 3 in 24c) in a hotel room with limited ventilation but a high air recirculation rate. We collected exhaled breath, ambient and personal bioaerosols, fomite swabs, and sera, and analyzed samples using dPCR and fluorescent focus assays, hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Compared with previously studied community-acquired influenza cases, we detected viral RNA (44%) and culturable virus (6%) less frequently and measured fewer viral RNA copies (79 - 8.9 × 103 copies/30-min) in Donors' exhaled fine aerosols. One of 23 surface swab samples was culture positive. At admission, 8 of 11 Recipients had HAI titers ≤10 but 9 of 11 had stronger binding antibody responses than Donors against vaccine strains corresponding to Donor viruses. No Recipient developed influenza-like illness, PCR-positive respiratory samples, or serological evidence of infection. Potential explanations and insights regarding lack of transmission include importance of cough and seasonal variation in viral aerosol shedding by Donors, of potential cross-reactive immunity in middle-aged Recipients with decades of exposure, and of exposure to concentrated exhaled breath plumes limited by rapid air mixing from environmental controls that distributed aerosols evenly. Future trials over multiple seasons, Donors that cough, younger recipients, and environments that preserve normal exhaled breath plumes will be required to observe transmission from naturally infected Donors under controlled conditions and generate new insights into influenza transmission dynamics.
. 2026 Jan 7;22(1):e1013153.
doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1013153. Online ahead of print. Evaluating modes of influenza transmission (EMIT-2): Insights from lack of transmission in a controlled transmission trial with naturally infected donors
Jianyu Lai 1 , Hamed Sobhani 2 , Kristen K Coleman 1 , S-H Sheldon Tai 1 , Filbert Hong 1 , Isabel Sierra Maldonado 1 , Yi Esparza 1 , Kathleen M McPhaul 1 , Shengwei Zhu 2 , Don L DeVoe 2 3 , Justin R Ortiz 4 , Shuo Chen 5 , Temima Yellin 6 , Juan Manuel Carreno 6 , Florian Krammer 6 7 8 9 , Benjamin J Cowling 10 , Aubree Gordon 11 , Wilbur H Chen 4 , Jelena Srebric 2 , Donald K Milton 1 3 ; EMIT-2 Study Team
Affiliations
- PMID: 41499634
- DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1013153
A previous controlled human influenza transmission trial produced minimal transmission using nasal inoculation of an egg adapted virus. Therefore, we implemented a new trial with naturally infected Donors. We recruited healthy Recipients for four, two-week hotel quarantine cohorts and naturally infected, qRT-PCR confirmed Donors for two cohorts. Five Donors (mean age: 21; 80% female; two H1N1, three H3N2, one for cohort 24b and 4 for 24c, Jan-Feb 2024) exposed Recipients (mean age: 36; 55% female, eight in cohort 24b and 3 in 24c) in a hotel room with limited ventilation but a high air recirculation rate. We collected exhaled breath, ambient and personal bioaerosols, fomite swabs, and sera, and analyzed samples using dPCR and fluorescent focus assays, hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Compared with previously studied community-acquired influenza cases, we detected viral RNA (44%) and culturable virus (6%) less frequently and measured fewer viral RNA copies (79 - 8.9 × 103 copies/30-min) in Donors' exhaled fine aerosols. One of 23 surface swab samples was culture positive. At admission, 8 of 11 Recipients had HAI titers ≤10 but 9 of 11 had stronger binding antibody responses than Donors against vaccine strains corresponding to Donor viruses. No Recipient developed influenza-like illness, PCR-positive respiratory samples, or serological evidence of infection. Potential explanations and insights regarding lack of transmission include importance of cough and seasonal variation in viral aerosol shedding by Donors, of potential cross-reactive immunity in middle-aged Recipients with decades of exposure, and of exposure to concentrated exhaled breath plumes limited by rapid air mixing from environmental controls that distributed aerosols evenly. Future trials over multiple seasons, Donors that cough, younger recipients, and environments that preserve normal exhaled breath plumes will be required to observe transmission from naturally infected Donors under controlled conditions and generate new insights into influenza transmission dynamics.