Pathogens . Longitudinal Development of Antibody Responses in COVID-19 Patients of Different Severity with ELISA, Peptide, and Glycan Arrays: An Immunological Case Series

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Pathogens


. 2021 Apr 6;10(4):438.
doi: 10.3390/pathogens10040438.
Longitudinal Development of Antibody Responses in COVID-19 Patients of Different Severity with ELISA, Peptide, and Glycan Arrays: An Immunological Case Series


Jasmin Heidepriem ¹ , Christine Dahlke ^{2 3 4} , Robin Kobbe ² , Ren? Santer ⁵ , Till Koch ^{2 3 4} , Anahita Fathi ^{2 3 4} , Bruna M S Seco ¹ , My L Ly ^{2 3 4} , Stefan Schmiedel ² , Dorothee Schwinge ⁶ , Sonia Serna ⁷ , Katrin Sellrie ¹ , Niels-Christian Reichardt ^{7 8} , Peter H Seeberger ¹ , Marylyn M Addo ^{2 3 4} , Felix F Loeffler ¹ , On Behalf Of The Id-Uke Covid-Study Group



Affiliations

• PMID: 33917609
• DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040438

Abstract

The current COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). A better understanding of its immunogenicity can be important for the development of improved diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines. Here, we report the longitudinal analysis of three COVID-19 patients with moderate (#1) and mild disease (#2 and #3). Antibody serum responses were analyzed using spike glycoprotein enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), full-proteome peptide, and glycan microarrays. ELISA immunoglobulin A, G, and M (IgA, IgG, and IgM) signals increased over time for individuals #1 and #2, whereas #3 only showed no clear positive IgG and IgM result. In contrast, peptide microarrays showed increasing IgA/G signal intensity and epitope spread only in the moderate patient #1 over time, whereas early but transient IgA and stable IgG responses were observed in the two mild cases #2 and #3. Glycan arrays showed an interaction of antibodies to fragments of high-mannose and core N-glycans, present on the viral shield. In contrast to protein ELISA, microarrays allow for a deeper understanding of IgA, IgG, and IgM antibody responses to specific epitopes of the whole proteome and glycans of SARS-CoV-2 in parallel. In the future, this may help to better understand and to monitor vaccination programs and monoclonal antibodies as therapeutics.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; full proteome; glycan microarrays; peptide microarrays.