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J Virol. 2018 Oct 10. pii: JVI.01740-18. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01740-18. [Epub ahead of print]
Risk assessment of fifth-wave H7N9 influenza A viruses in mammalian models.
Sun X1, Belser JA1, Pappas C1, Pulit-Penaloza JA1, Brock N1, Zeng H1, Creager HM1, Le S2, Wilson M2, Lewis A3, Stark TJ1, Shieh WJ3, Barnes J1, Tumpey TM1, Maines TR4.
Author information
Abstract
The fifth-wave of the H7N9 influenza epidemic in China was distinguished by a sudden increase in human infections, an extended geographic distribution, and the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. Genetically, some H7N9 viruses from the fifth-wave have acquired novel amino acid changes at positions involved in mammalian adaptation, antigenicity, and HA cleavability. Here, several low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) and HPAI H7N9 human isolates from the fifth epidemic wave were assessed for their pathogenicity and transmissibility in mammalian models, as well as their ability to replicate in human airway epithelial cells. We found that a LPAI virus exhibited a similar capacity to replicate and cause disease in two animal species as viruses from previous waves. In contrast, HPAI H7N9 viruses possessed enhanced virulence, causing greater lethargy and mortality, with an extended tropism for brain tissues in both ferret and mouse models. These HPAI viruses also showed signs of adaptation to mammalian hosts by acquiring the ability to fuse at a lower pH threshold compared with other H7N9 viruses. All of the fifth-wave H7N9 viruses were able to transmit among cohoused ferrets, but exhibited a limited capacity to transmit by respiratory droplets and deep sequencing analysis revealed that the H7N9 viruses sampled after transmission showed a reduced amount of minor variants. Taken together, we conclude that the fifth-wave HPAI H7N9 viruses have gained the ability to cause enhanced disease in mammalian models, and with further adaptation may acquire the ability to cause an H7N9 pandemic.ImportanceThe potential pandemic risk posed by avian influenza H7N9 viruses was heightened during the fifth epidemic wave in China due to the sudden increased number of human infections and the emergence of antigenically distinct LPAI and HPAI H7N9 viruses. In this study, a group of fifth-wave HPAI and LPAI viruses were evaluated for their ability to infect, cause disease, and transmit in small animal models. The ability of HPAI H7N9 viruses to cause more severe disease and to replicate in brain tissues in animal models as well as their ability to fuse at a lower pH threshold compared to LPAI H7N9 viruses suggest that the fifth-wave H7N9 viruses have evolved to acquire novel traits with the potential to pose a higher risk to humans. Although the fifth-wave H7N9 viruses have not yet gained the ability to transmit efficiently by air, continuous surveillance and risk assessment remain essential parts of our pandemic preparedness efforts.
PMID: 30305359 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01740-18
Risk assessment of fifth-wave H7N9 influenza A viruses in mammalian models.
Sun X1, Belser JA1, Pappas C1, Pulit-Penaloza JA1, Brock N1, Zeng H1, Creager HM1, Le S2, Wilson M2, Lewis A3, Stark TJ1, Shieh WJ3, Barnes J1, Tumpey TM1, Maines TR4.
Author information
Abstract
The fifth-wave of the H7N9 influenza epidemic in China was distinguished by a sudden increase in human infections, an extended geographic distribution, and the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. Genetically, some H7N9 viruses from the fifth-wave have acquired novel amino acid changes at positions involved in mammalian adaptation, antigenicity, and HA cleavability. Here, several low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) and HPAI H7N9 human isolates from the fifth epidemic wave were assessed for their pathogenicity and transmissibility in mammalian models, as well as their ability to replicate in human airway epithelial cells. We found that a LPAI virus exhibited a similar capacity to replicate and cause disease in two animal species as viruses from previous waves. In contrast, HPAI H7N9 viruses possessed enhanced virulence, causing greater lethargy and mortality, with an extended tropism for brain tissues in both ferret and mouse models. These HPAI viruses also showed signs of adaptation to mammalian hosts by acquiring the ability to fuse at a lower pH threshold compared with other H7N9 viruses. All of the fifth-wave H7N9 viruses were able to transmit among cohoused ferrets, but exhibited a limited capacity to transmit by respiratory droplets and deep sequencing analysis revealed that the H7N9 viruses sampled after transmission showed a reduced amount of minor variants. Taken together, we conclude that the fifth-wave HPAI H7N9 viruses have gained the ability to cause enhanced disease in mammalian models, and with further adaptation may acquire the ability to cause an H7N9 pandemic.ImportanceThe potential pandemic risk posed by avian influenza H7N9 viruses was heightened during the fifth epidemic wave in China due to the sudden increased number of human infections and the emergence of antigenically distinct LPAI and HPAI H7N9 viruses. In this study, a group of fifth-wave HPAI and LPAI viruses were evaluated for their ability to infect, cause disease, and transmit in small animal models. The ability of HPAI H7N9 viruses to cause more severe disease and to replicate in brain tissues in animal models as well as their ability to fuse at a lower pH threshold compared to LPAI H7N9 viruses suggest that the fifth-wave H7N9 viruses have evolved to acquire novel traits with the potential to pose a higher risk to humans. Although the fifth-wave H7N9 viruses have not yet gained the ability to transmit efficiently by air, continuous surveillance and risk assessment remain essential parts of our pandemic preparedness efforts.
PMID: 30305359 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01740-18