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J Infect Public Health. 2018 Sep 10. pii: S1876-0341(18)30134-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2018.08.005. [Epub ahead of print]
A review on current trends in the treatment of human infection with H7N9-avian influenza A.
Sivanandy P1, Zi Xien F2, Woon Kit L2, Tze Wei Y2, Hui En K2, Chia Lynn L2.
Author information
Abstract
The H7N9 subtype of avian influenza is an enzootic and airborne virus which caused an influenza outbreak in China. Infected individuals mostly worked with poultry, suggesting H7N9 virus-infected poultry as the primary source of human infection. Significantly increased levels of proinflammatory mediators (chemokines, cytokines) during virus infection could hamper the immune system and aggravate the infection. Severe cases are marked by fulminant pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and encephalopathy. Left untreated, the condition may rapidly progress to multi-organ failure and death. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) is the gold standard diagnostic test for H7N9 avian influenza. Use of neurominidase inhibitor antivirals remain the main treatment. New antivirals are developed to counteract neurominidase inhibitor resistance H7N9 viral strains. Corticosteroid use in viral pneumonia may provoke mortality and longer viral shedding time. Subjects at high risk of contracting avian influenza H7N9 infection are recommended to receive annual seasonal influenza vaccination.
KEYWORDS:
Acute respiratory distress syndrome; Antivirals; Avian influenza; Corticosteroids; H7N9; Pneumonia; Proinflammatory mediators
PMID: 30213468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2018.08.005
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A review on current trends in the treatment of human infection with H7N9-avian influenza A.
Sivanandy P1, Zi Xien F2, Woon Kit L2, Tze Wei Y2, Hui En K2, Chia Lynn L2.
Author information
Abstract
The H7N9 subtype of avian influenza is an enzootic and airborne virus which caused an influenza outbreak in China. Infected individuals mostly worked with poultry, suggesting H7N9 virus-infected poultry as the primary source of human infection. Significantly increased levels of proinflammatory mediators (chemokines, cytokines) during virus infection could hamper the immune system and aggravate the infection. Severe cases are marked by fulminant pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and encephalopathy. Left untreated, the condition may rapidly progress to multi-organ failure and death. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) is the gold standard diagnostic test for H7N9 avian influenza. Use of neurominidase inhibitor antivirals remain the main treatment. New antivirals are developed to counteract neurominidase inhibitor resistance H7N9 viral strains. Corticosteroid use in viral pneumonia may provoke mortality and longer viral shedding time. Subjects at high risk of contracting avian influenza H7N9 infection are recommended to receive annual seasonal influenza vaccination.
KEYWORDS:
Acute respiratory distress syndrome; Antivirals; Avian influenza; Corticosteroids; H7N9; Pneumonia; Proinflammatory mediators
PMID: 30213468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2018.08.005
Free full text