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here for New Zealand, non-Maori population since 1876.
You can see how females did better in the 1918 pandemic.
What happened in NZ 1934-1942 ?
data from:
Human Mortality Database. University of California, Berkeley (USA), and Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (Germany). Available at www.mortality.org or www.humanmortality.de (data downloaded on [date]).
the original Swedish sources are listed here:http://magictour.free.fr/nz1.pdf
here for England and Wales since 1841.
Peaks for males in WW1 1914-1918 and WW2 1942-1945.
Almost no Spanish flu in Britain for females !!!
Just a bad year, but nothing special.
See also, how males are catching up to females the last 2 decades.
Pandemic in 1890-1893 and epidemic in 1899-1900 and in 1940
data from:
Human Mortality Database. University of California, Berkeley (USA), and Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (Germany). Available at www.mortality.org or www.humanmortality.de (data downloaded on [date]).
the original Swedish sources are listed here:http://magictour.free.fr/ew1.pdf
columns are: (some numbers estimated by me)
urban/rural white/colored
total population in registration area
of those died in 1918
of those dies from influenza in 1918
of those died from pneumonia in 1918
of those died from influenza or pneumonia in 1918
death rate per 1000 population
influenza death rate per 1000 population
pneumonia death rate per 1000 population
P+I death rate per 1000 population
columns are: (some numbers estimated by me)
urban/rural white/colored
total population in registration area
of those died in 1923
of those dies from influenza in 1923
of those died from pneumonia in 1923
of those died from influenza or pneumonia in 1923
death rate per 1000 population
influenza death rate per 1000 population
pneumonia death rate per 1000 population
P+I death rate per 1000 population
they have weekly deaths from P+I and weekly deaths from all causes
for 5 age-groups.
that would be useful, if these data were available
in computer-readable form for the public.
with graphs for the 122 cities and statistics, in which cities
the peaks are earlier and from where to where the wave
travels. Maybe later we could also compare with data for health-measures,
colored population, weather-data, air-traffic, vaccination rates...
Division of Global Migration Health (DGMH) homepage. DGMH is part of the National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases.
legend:
Supplemental Figures for Non-pharmaceutical Interventions
Implemented by US Cities During the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic
Figures 1-4. Scatterplots of public health response time (PHRT)
by time to first peak, PHRT by magnitude of first peak,
PHRT by excess P&I mortality rate, and total NPI-days by
excess P&I mortality rate for 43 U S cities, September 8,
1918-February 22, 1919.
Figure 1. PHRT by time to first peak.
Figure 2. PHRT by magnitude of first peak.
Figure 3. PHRT by excess P&I mortality.
Figure 4. Total NPI-days by excess P&I mortality.
Figure 5. Aggregate weekly excess death rates for 43 U S cities
by region (East, Midwest, West), September 8, 1918-February 22, 1919.
Figures 6-48. Weekly excess death rates, NPIs implemented and when,
date of first case, date excess death rate first exceeds twice the
baseline death rate, and date first NPI implemented for 43 U S cities,
September 8, 1918-February 22, 1919.
Figure 49. Other NPIs implemented for 43 U S cities,
September 8, 1918-February 22, 1919.
Figures 50-52. Scatterplots of total excess P&I mortality
comparing successive waves of the pandemic, Spring, 1918:
January, 1918 - April, 1918; Fall, 1918: September, 1918 -
December, 1918; Winter, 1919: January, 1919 - April, 1919;
and Winter, 1920: January,
1920 - April, 1920 for 43 U S study cities.
Figure 50. Fall, 1918 by Spring, 1918.
Figure 51. Winter, 1919 by Fall, 1918.
Figure 52. Winter, 1920 by Winter, 1919.
Figures 53-59. Scatterplots of total excess P&I mortality by population,
population density, gender distribution, percentage of population
under 5 years, 15 to 40 years, and over 65
years of age for 43 U S cities, September 8, 1918 - February 22, 1919.
Figure 53. Total excess P&I mortality by population.
Figure 54. Total excess P&I mortality by population density.
Figure 55. Total excess P&I mortality by percentage male.
Figure 56. Total excess P&I mortality by percentage under age 5 years.
Figure 57. Total excess P&I mortality by percentage age 15 to 40 years.
Figure 58. Total excess P&I mortality by percentage over age 65 years.
Figure 59. Total excess P&I mortality by total percentage under
age 5 years, 15 to 40 years, and over 65 years.
so, the worse hit in 1915, the worse in 1918.
But also, the worse in 1918, the worse in 1919.
Immunity from wave 2 was less important than state-predisposition.
table on pages 4,5 typed into the computer manually :-(
They also have Bronchitis which was significant in the elderly and phthisis which
was less related to influenza.
there are also other tables and text trying to explore the connections of the diseases.
You can see, how the waves began with a rise in pneumonia deaths.
This is maybe because early in the waves the doctors didn't yet know that a wave
was coming so they were more reluctant to diagnose influenza.
Or it could be that pneumonia-deaths were relatively more common in the first weeks.
You can also see, that the wave2-influenza peek is highest in the 5-20 years group,
where it also declines fastest. The older the people, the later in the wave they died
and also the more died in wave 3 as compared to wave 2.
yes, I had seen that too.
The question arose at fluwikie, how the recent paper showing
that most deaths in 1918 arose from bacterial pneumonia
is compatible with the "W-shape", the unique characteristics
of 1918-flu killing prevalently the young people <40 of age.
Most of the dead young people 5-20 were given influenza
as cause of death rather than pneumonia.
Of cause, when people die from H1N1-influenza, what else can be
the direct cause than pneumonia ? (besides cyanosis)
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