Announcement

Collapse
No announcement yet.

Discussion - Long COVID

Collapse
X
 
  • Filter
  • Time
  • Show
Clear All
new posts

  • #16

    9 at-home exercises that may help relieve your long COVID symptoms

    BY Barbara Brody
    November 29, 2022, 6:00 PM UTC



    _____________________________________________

    Ask Congress to Investigate COVID Origins and Government Response to Pandemic.

    i love myself. the quietest. simplest. most powerful. revolution ever. ---- nayyirah waheed

    "...there’s an obvious contest that’s happening between different sectors of the colonial ruling class in this country. And they would, if they could, lump us into their beef, their struggle." ---- Omali Yeshitela, African People’s Socialist Party

    (My posts are not intended as advice or professional assessments of any kind.)
    Never forget Excalibur.

    Comment


    • #17
      https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/...002/acn3.51631
      Tziastoudi, M., Cholevas, C., Stefanidis, I. and Theoharides, T.C. (2022), Genetics of COVID-19 and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: a systematic review. Ann Clin Transl Neurol, 9: 1838-1857. https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.51631
      Abstract

      COVID-19 and ME/CFS present with some similar symptoms, especially physical and mental fatigue. In order to understand the basis of these similarities and the possibility of underlying common genetic components, we performed a systematic review of all published genetic association and cohort studies regarding COVID-19 and ME/CFS and extracted the genes along with the genetic variants investigated. We then performed gene ontology and pathway analysis of those genes that gave significant results in the individual studies to yield functional annotations of the studied genes using protein analysis through evolutionary relationships (PANTHER) VERSION 17.0 software. Finally, we identified the common genetic components of these two conditions. Seventy-one studies for COVID-19 and 26 studies for ME/CFS were included in the systematic review in which the expression of 97 genes for COVID-19 and 429 genes for ME/CFS were significantly affected. We found that ACE, HLA-A, HLA-C, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DRB1, and TYK2 are the common genes that gave significant results. The findings of the pathway analysis highlight the contribution of inflammation mediated by chemokine and cytokine signaling pathways, and the T cell activation and Toll receptor signaling pathways. Protein class analysis revealed the contribution of defense/immunity proteins, as well as protein-modifying enzymes. Our results suggest that the pathogenesis of both syndromes could involve some immune dysfunction.

      _____________________________________________

      Ask Congress to Investigate COVID Origins and Government Response to Pandemic.

      i love myself. the quietest. simplest. most powerful. revolution ever. ---- nayyirah waheed

      "...there’s an obvious contest that’s happening between different sectors of the colonial ruling class in this country. And they would, if they could, lump us into their beef, their struggle." ---- Omali Yeshitela, African People’s Socialist Party

      (My posts are not intended as advice or professional assessments of any kind.)
      Never forget Excalibur.

      Comment


      • #18
        So obesity and prior drinking history are risks. Go figure.

        Medical experts are seeing a suspected link between post-COVID effects and people developing alcohol intolerance.

        Long COVID may make your hangovers much worse, researchers say

        By Adriana Diaz

        January 20, 2023 6:59pm

        Getting a positive COVID-19 test may not only affect the way people taste and smell alcohol — it may also change the way they process it.

        Anecdotal data has found that some people have reported a change in how their bodies react to booze after testing positive for the coronavirus.

        Rebekah Stein, 30, used to be able to hold her liquor before being diagnosed with COVID in March 2020, she told BuzzFeed News.

        Then one night after her mild symptoms went away, she casually stole a sip of her husband’s whiskey, as she had done plenty of times before...
        _____________________________________________

        Ask Congress to Investigate COVID Origins and Government Response to Pandemic.

        i love myself. the quietest. simplest. most powerful. revolution ever. ---- nayyirah waheed

        "...there’s an obvious contest that’s happening between different sectors of the colonial ruling class in this country. And they would, if they could, lump us into their beef, their struggle." ---- Omali Yeshitela, African People’s Socialist Party

        (My posts are not intended as advice or professional assessments of any kind.)
        Never forget Excalibur.

        Comment


        • #19

          OPINION

          As long COVID turns three, Americans play disability roulette

          As an ICU physician, I’ve had a front-row seat to the heartbreak of the past three years.

          By Wes Ely
          Updated May 26, 2023, 3:00 a.m.

          snip

          The Department of Health and Human Services considers long COVID a disability. Yet these patients fall through the cracks. They are often let down by physicians who are unclear how to diagnose an illness so new and varied. They are repeatedly denied disability benefits and struggle to find health care because they are newly out of work and without insurance. A recent National Institutes of Health-sponsored study at 44 US medical centers found 56 percent of people hospitalized with COVID-19 struggled to pay their bills six months out due to ongoing heart and lung problems. Even bathing and preparing meals is hard for many.

          Take Trinity Peacock. A 20-year-old student from Atlanta, she spoke to me in my office about how a super-spreader family funeral in 2021 left several of her loved ones with long COVID. “My family has been offered no support in any way. No therapy, no compensation,” she told me. “The COVID convo has died down while we are left to suffer.” It’s been two years, and multiple people in her family have ongoing problems with long COVID.

          Numerous studies document the haunting brain impacts of long COVID, from loss of supportive cells in the brain called glial cells, to early death of our neurons leading to signs of early dementia in too many long COVID patients, even young ones who had only mild infectious symptoms during their initial COVID infection. Among the 10 percent of patients estimated to get long COVID, many of them experience cardiac problems like a racing heart and profound dizziness when they try to stand or sleep. Some have cramps, diarrhea, and bloating owing to problems with shifts in gut bacteria in antibiotic-treated COVID patients referred to as “gut dysbiosis,” which means that the normal bacteria are replaced with more dangerous blooms of organisms that wreak havoc on overall health by enabling dangerous secondary infections during and after COVID.


          more.... https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/05/...lity-roulette/

          Comment


          • #20

            Dr. Deepti Gurdasani
            @dgurdasani1
            Update on what I'm going to now call long COVID symptoms- as it's been 3.5 months since my infection - so am well past the acute stage now. For those who've been following- I've been struggling with breathlessness, chest pain and brain fog post-COVID
            8:50 AM · Jun 1, 2023
            ·
            47.2K
            Views
            241
            Retweets
            16
            Quotes
            1,046
            Likes
            130
            Bookmarks FluTrackers.com
            Tweet your reply!

            Reply
            Dr. Deepti Gurdasani
            @dgurdasani1
            ·
            2h
            What I've found really debilitating over the past few months is intermittent breathlessness - which occurs on walking, climbing steps, and sometimes just standing up, or walking around the house. It's often accompanied by palpitations (can feel my heart racing), and chest pain.
            6
            32
            347

            6,035
            Dr. Deepti Gurdasani
            @dgurdasani1
            ·
            2h
            The symptoms started ~2 wks or so after my acute infection once I started getting out and about and realised that I was getting breathless just on dropping my daughter to school (a twelve minute walk on a very gentle upward slope).
            1
            21
            265

            5,380
            Dr. Deepti Gurdasani
            @dgurdasani1
            ·
            2h
            I hadn't even noticed the slope before- but I notice even the most gentle slopes now. I also noticed difficulty with multi-tasking, concentration & memory during this period, but I didn't focus on it much at first because the breathlessness felt far more debilitating and obvious.
            2
            22
            268

            5,308
            Dr. Deepti Gurdasani
            @dgurdasani1
            ·
            2h
            But I noticed that I would miss appointments/essential tasks unless I put in a lot more effort- e.g. setting daily alarms & reminders in my calendar for routine task (e.g. school pick ups). I also had difficulty remembering simple things (whether I'd taken my medication).
            1
            22
            262

            5,294
            Dr. Deepti Gurdasani
            @dgurdasani1
            ·
            2h
            I don't think it showed as much at work- but I realised the cost of maintaining concentration at meetings was much higher and high often had cognitive equivalent of post-exertion malaise- being exhausted after a day of meetings even if I'd just been sitting at my desk all day.
            1
            24
            249

            4,981
            Dr. Deepti Gurdasani
            @dgurdasani1
            ·
            2h
            I had the privilege of being seen by an amazing GP, and consultant, both of whom are very keyed in with long COVID and took my symptoms seriously. I was evaluated for myocarditis, lung clots, and new-onset asthma.
            1
            24
            251

            4,611
            Dr. Deepti Gurdasani
            @dgurdasani1
            ·
            2h
            My echocardiogram (test for heart function), cardiac enzymes (test for heart muscle inflammation) were normal. My ventilation-perfusion scan showed slight abnormalities but nothing specific that suggested large clots (cannot rule out microclots with this).
            1
            19
            224

            4,508
            Dr. Deepti Gurdasani
            @dgurdasani1
            ·
            2h
            Lung functions (that look for things like new-onset asthma) were also normal. At about 6 weeks or so, I started seeing a regular improvement in symptoms. The improvement wasn't monotonic (as in every day better than the last), but more in the form of fewer bad days than before.
            1
            16
            217

            4,278
            Dr. Deepti Gurdasani
            @dgurdasani1
            ·
            2h
            But there was a lot of fluctuation day to day, and it was hard to get a handle on where I'd gotten to in terms of improvement. But slowly I found I was able to walk to school, and on some days even brisk walk without getting breathless. One day I was even able to run with breaks.
            1
            14
            210

            4,112
            Dr. Deepti Gurdasani
            @dgurdasani1
            ·
            2h
            My brain fog also improved a lot, and I was able to manage a bigger cognitive load- and do a lot more multi-tasking mentally. It didn't improve to baseline, but in terms of function, I was doing much better, although still at a higher cost of functioning (exhausted afterwards).
            1
            14
            210

            4,093
            Dr. Deepti Gurdasani
            @dgurdasani1
            ·
            2h
            Then, oddly about two weeks ago, things took a turn for the worse. I cannot pin-point to anything that necessarily triggered it- but there were days I was breathless just getting out of bed or trying to fix lunch. And needing to stop 2-3 times just walking slowly to school.
            4
            17
            225

            4,071
            Dr. Deepti Gurdasani
            @dgurdasani1
            ·
            2h
            The breathlessness and tachycardia has been more frequent- daily for the last week. I don't know what changed this, because I felt I was on a trajectory where things were definitely getting better. I don't know for sure, but I have identified some triggers.
            1
            15
            208

            4,075
            Dr. Deepti Gurdasani
            @dgurdasani1
            ·
            2h
            I've noticed that lack of sleep, longer gaps between meals, and heated blankets/hot showers, coffee tend to make it worse. This is what makes me think it's POTS-related - as the breathlessness is accompanied by a high heart rate, but my sats are in the normal range.


            Dr. Deepti Gurdasani
            @dgurdasani1
            ·
            3h
            I'm not entirely sure what the next steps are- am planning to see a POTS specialist, but wanted to share this - in case there are others who have been hit with very fluctuating symptoms - with promising early improvement followed by worsening - rather than a clear trajectory.
            6
            19
            291

            5,338
            Dr. Deepti Gurdasani
            @dgurdasani1
            ·
            3h
            This recent paper from the BMJ shows that a significant proportion of people have a sort of relapsing-remitting course - moving between recovery and symptoms, or different severity categories. So, I guess it isn't unusual. https://bmj.com/content/381/bmj-2022-074425…
            Image
            1
            46
            297

            6,209
            Dr. Deepti Gurdasani
            @dgurdasani1
            ·
            3h
            Still hoping that this will gradually improve over time, although will moderate my expectations better, as the worsening after the early improvement did take me by surprise, and was quite disheartening.
            2
            17
            251

            4,752
            Dr. Deepti Gurdasani
            @dgurdasani1
            ·
            3h
            I know I'm one of the lucky ones- I was boostered when I got my infection and was prescribed Paxlovid - all of which reduce risk (and perhaps improve the course?). Unlike many others, I also have the luxury of being able to work from home, and limit my activity.
            2
            16
            257

            4,803
            Dr. Deepti Gurdasani
            @dgurdasani1
            ·
            3h
            It does affect me significantly day to day, and has been really debilitating - and I know my symptoms are probably far less severe than many others. I can't imagine having to live with this for years on end - as I know many have been.
            2
            21
            260

            4,762
            Dr. Deepti Gurdasani
            @dgurdasani1
            Many people made gaslit me & trolled me when I said I was very wary about getting infected because of the risk of long COVID. I have ulcerative colitis, and the few studies done on this and COVID show that the risk of long COVID is between 50-70% for someone with my risk profile
            8:51 AM · Jun 1, 2023
            ·
            8,414
            Views​​

            Comment


            • Emily
              Emily commented
              Editing a comment
              "I know I'm one of the lucky ones- I was boostered when I got my infection and was prescribed Paxlovid - all of which reduce risk (and perhaps improve the course?)."

              Maybe or maybe she would have been better off unboosted using treatments other than Paxlovid.

          • #21
            ‘Game changer’: 5 long COVID treatments researchers are most excited about


            Gabe Castro-Root
            June 15, 2023


            snip

            Here are five they highlighted.


            Low-dose naltrexone


            Naltrexone, known more commonly by its brand names Vivitrol and Revia, is a drug made to treat abuse of drugs and alcohol by reducing their effects on the brain. At a low dose, it has shown promise as a treatment for the chronic fatigue that so many long COVID patients experience, according to Dr. Carla Kuon, the co-director of UCSF’s post-COVID clinic.

            The drug works by reducing inflammation in the nervous system caused by COVID infection, Kuon said. It does so by regulating the activity of glial cells, which help maintain neurons but can cause inflammation when they’re activated.

            “Low-dose naltrexone also has general anti-inflammation effects on the body, and we know inflammation is a big driver of the symptoms of long COVID,” Kuon said. “I personally, as a clinician, have used naltrexone in many patients with success.”

            Dr. Hector Bonilla, the co-director of Stanford University’s long COVID clinic, said he also has observed positive results from naltrexone treatment among his patients. But he cautioned that because naltrexone is available as a cheap generic drug, there’s less financial incentive for pharmaceutical companies to fund research into its use as a long COVID treatment. Those trials will be needed to establish its benefits more clearly, he said.


            Ivabradine and beta blockers


            Ivabradine and beta blockers are different drugs that regulate the heartbeat, slowing it to allow more blood to be pumped with each contraction. These medications are being studied as a treatment for long COVID patients who develop postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, or POTS, a condition that results in dizziness and a very fast heartbeat when a person stands.

            Ivabradine “has been a game changer” for long COVID patients with POTS, Kuon said.

            Hannah Davis, co-founder of the Patient-Led Research Collaborative, a group of researchers who are also long COVID patients, said medications like these are helpful but can be a drain on the body’s resources, often leading to exhaustion when they wear off. She described using a beta blocker as taking energy from the future to support activity in the present.

            “If I really have to be present for something, I’ll take a beta blocker knowing I’ll crash later,” Davis said.

            A spokesman for Amgen, which manufactures ivabradine, said the company was not actively pursuing long COVID studies with the drug.


            Metformin


            A recent study from the University of Minnesota found that the anti-diabetic drug metformin reduced the risk of developing prolonged illness by up to 63% for those who started taking it within three days of contracting COVID.

            The study, which included over 1,000 participants between ages 30 and 85, suggests the cheap, generic blood sugar medication may prevent viruses from replicating. Its low cost and wide availability could make it an attractive option for preventing long COVID if future research backs up the findings.

            Metformin’s “use as a preventive measure could have significant public health implications,” said Dr. Carolyn Bramante, who led the study, in a statement after the results were published.

            But the study examined metformin’s use only in preventing long COVID. More research is needed to determine whether the drug is a viable treatment for those already suffering from long COVID.


            Antihistamines


            COVID frequently causes activation of mast cells, a type of white blood cell found throughout the body. Mast cells release histamines and can lead to allergy-like symptoms including hives, flushing and dizziness. In long COVID patients, those symptoms can drag on long after the initial infection has run its course.

            Histamines are also involved in POTS and neuroinflammation, Kuon said, so treating mast cell activation could help reduce other symptoms, too.

            Davis said she wants to see clinical trials of prescription antihistamines, but was hopeful over-the-counter ones like benadryl would also prove useful.

            A case report published last year in the Journal for Nurse Practitioners showed promise for antihistamine treatments in two long COVID patients, and larger clinical trials are underway.

            “I’ll be very interested in those trials because treating mast cell activation is a big part of how I treat long COVID,” Kuon said.


            Anticoagulants


            Small blood clots are a less common symptom of long COVID, but they can cause low blood-oxygen levels. Patient advocates are pushing for more trials of anticoagulants, which slow or prevent clotting.

            “You feel woozy all the time,” Davis said of oxygen deprivation from microclots.

            Bonilla said the clots could make full recovery more difficult, since decreased oxygen flow to vital organs means the body’s other functions may not operate at full capacity.

            A study published last year in the journal Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine found that the drug sulodexide, which treats clotting, significantly improved cardiovascular function and reduced chest pain in long COVID patients. But, as with all potential long COVID treatments, more research is needed to better understand the role of anticoagulants in treating the disease.

            more...




            Comment


            • Emily
              Emily commented
              Editing a comment
              I've heard a lot about LDN being a popular off label treatment.

              Official answer: What is low dose naltrexone? Low dose naltrexone (LDN) means taking a dose of naltrexone that is up to one-tenth, or...

              Low dose naltrexone uses

              Low dose naltrexone has been used to treat:

              Autoimmune thyroid disorders
              Cancer
              Chronic fatigue syndrome
              Chronic pain
              Crohn’s disease
              Fibromyalgia
              Gulf War syndrome
              Multiple sclerosis
              Myalgic encephalomyelitis.

          • #22
            Full text is available.

            Schloss, J.V. Nutritional deficiencies that may predispose to long COVID.
            Inflammopharmacol 31, 573–583 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-023-01183-3​ Summary

            Nutritional deficiencies predispose individuals to severe infection by SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 disease further exacerbates dietary deficiencies. Stress before or after illness also lowers the stores of essential nutrients. Although zinc (33%) and selenium (14%) are prevalent deficiencies, there are more than 22 different nutritional factors (MND) reported to influence infection outcomes. People at higher risk of infection due to MND are also more likely to have long-term sequelae (Long COVID).


            _____________________________________________

            Ask Congress to Investigate COVID Origins and Government Response to Pandemic.

            i love myself. the quietest. simplest. most powerful. revolution ever. ---- nayyirah waheed

            "...there’s an obvious contest that’s happening between different sectors of the colonial ruling class in this country. And they would, if they could, lump us into their beef, their struggle." ---- Omali Yeshitela, African People’s Socialist Party

            (My posts are not intended as advice or professional assessments of any kind.)
            Never forget Excalibur.

            Comment


            • #23
              Statement – 36 million people across the European Region may have developed long COVID over the first 3 years of the pandemic

              Statement by Dr Hans Henri P. Kluge, WHO Regional Director for Europe to the press on COVID-19, extreme heat and mpox

              27 June 2023 Statement
              ...
              This summer will be the first in more than 3 years that many of us will enjoy without the looming threat of COVID-19.

              Whilst it may not be a global public health emergency, COVID-19 has not gone away.

              Close to 1000 new COVID-19 deaths continue to occur across the Region every week, and this is an underestimate due to a drop in countries regularly reporting COVID-19 deaths to WHO.

              And it continues to disproportionately affect the weakest and the most vulnerable.

              COVID-19 exploited an epidemic of diseases, including cancers, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and chronic lung illnesses, which account for 75% of mortality in our region today. Those with such underlying conditions were, and still are, far more vulnerable to severe forms of COVID-19.

              Yet simple solutions can help reduce the burden of these so-called noncommunicable diseases, and fight the next pandemic when it arrives. Those of us with the means and opportunity can, for example, undertake 25 minutes of moderate exercise a day, quit smoking, moderate alcohol consumption and limit salt intake.

              Long COVID remains a complex condition we still know very little about.

              According to estimates from our collaborating centre, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington in Seattle, nearly 36 million people across the WHO European Region may have experienced long COVID in the first 3 years of the pandemic.

              That’s approximately 1 in 30 Europeans over the past 3 years.

              That’s 1 in 30 who may still be finding it hard to return to normal life.

              1 in 30 who could be suffering in silence, left behind as others move on from COVID-19.

              We are listening to the calls from long COVID patients and support groups, and raising awareness of their plight, but clearly much more needs to be done to understand it.

              Long COVID remains a glaring blind spot in our knowledge, that urgently needs to be filled.

              Unless we develop comprehensive diagnostics and treatment for long COVID, we will never truly recover from the pandemic. We are encouraging more research to be undertaken and urging those eligible for COVID-19 vaccination to be vaccinated. This under-recognized condition should be taken seriously, across the health and social sectors, and we should ensure ample care is available for patients.

              Ultimately, the best way to avoid long COVID is to avoid COVID-19 in the first place.

              The priority must be to vaccinate vulnerable populations, the elderly, people with underlying medical conditions, and the immunocompromised.

              We should ensure at least 70% vaccine coverage for these groups, including both primary and additional booster doses.

              ...
              Good morning. This summer will be the first in more than 3 years that many of us will enjoy without the looming threat of COVID-19.Whilst it may not be a global public health emergency, COVID-19 has not gone away. Close to 1000 new COVID-19 deaths continue to occur across the Region every week, and this is an underestimate due to a drop in countries regularly reporting COVID-19 deaths to WHO. And it continues to disproportionately affect the weakest and the most vulnerable. COVID-19 exploited an epidemic of diseases, including cancers, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and chronic lung illnesses, which account for 75% of mortality in our region today. Those with such underlying conditions were, and still are, far more vulnerable to severe forms of COVID-19.Yet simple solutions can help reduce the burden of these so-called noncommunicable diseases, and fight the next pandemic when it arrives. Those of us with the means and opportunity can, for example, undertake 25 minutes of moderate exercise a day, quit smoking, moderate alcohol consumption and limit salt intake. Long COVID remains a complex condition we still know very little about. According to estimates from our collaborating centre, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington in Seattle, nearly 36 million people across the WHO European Region may have experienced long COVID in the first 3 years of the pandemic. That’s approximately 1 in 30 Europeans over the past 3 years. That’s 1 in 30 who may still be finding it hard to return to normal life. 1 in 30 who could be suffering in silence, left behind as others move on from COVID-19.We are listening to the calls from long COVID patients and support groups, and raising awareness of their plight, but clearly much more needs to be done to understand it. Long COVID remains a glaring blind spot in our knowledge, that urgently needs to be filled. Unless we develop comprehensive diagnostics and treatment for long COVID, we will never truly recover from the pandemic. We are encouraging more research to be undertaken and urging those eligible for COVID-19 vaccination to be vaccinated. This under-recognized condition should be taken seriously, across the health and social sectors, and we should ensure ample care is available for patients. Ultimately, the best way to avoid long COVID is to avoid COVID-19 in the first place. The priority must be to vaccinate vulnerable populations, the elderly, people with underlying medical conditions, and the immunocompromised. We should ensure at least 70% vaccine coverage for these groups, including both primary and additional booster doses. A few words about the unusually warm summer we are experiencing. A new report from the European Union and the World Meteorological Organization recently warned that Europe has been warming twice as fast as the global average since the 1980s, and extreme heat in the summer months is becoming the norm, not the exception. Last year in our region, extreme heat claimed 20 000 lives between June and August. Last week, Spain and Portugal recorded temperatures in excess of 40 degrees, greatly increasing the risk of wildfires. Earlier this month, Kazakhstan saw deadly wildfires claim the lives of at least 15 people, 14 of whom were firefighters. At the same time, other parts of our region saw flash flooding and landslides, which also claimed lives. So, look out for each other during the summer months by checking in on your elderly relatives and neighbours, limiting outdoor activity when it’s very warm, staying hydrated, keeping your homes cool, and allowing yourself time to rest. Alongside an increased recent risk of extreme heat, I would also like to draw your attention to a recent resurgence of mpox infections, first in the United States and then in the UK, Spain, Belgium and the Netherlands.The European Region recorded 22 new mpox cases during the month of May. While this might seem low, it tells us the virus continues to circulate in the European Region, particularly affecting men who have sex with men, and we could see a resurgence. For those of you who know you are at higher risk, there are things you can do.Get vaccinated against mpox if vaccines are available and you are eligible. Limit contact with others if you have symptoms, and avoid close physical contact, including sexual contact, with someone who has mpox. At WHO we continue urging countries to reach everyone at risk, to eliminate discrimination and mpox from the community. I welcome the UK’s recent decision to continue its vaccination programme and urge other countries to continue to reduce barriers to testing, vaccination and care for persons belonging to groups at continued risk.In summary, all 3 of these health emergencies: COVID-19, mpox and extreme heat, call for a change in our collective approaches, in our allocation of resources and also in our individual behaviours.Thank you.   
              "Safety and security don't just happen, they are the result of collective consensus and public investment. We owe our children, the most vulnerable citizens in our society, a life free of violence and fear."
              -Nelson Mandela

              Comment

              Working...
              X