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World Health Organization: Influenza A(H1N1) virus resistance to oseltamivir - 2008/2009 influenza season, northern hemisphere (1/6/2009)
10 elementary schools in Sendai in 2008 to end a class is closed due to flu reported in the class tests and throat swab samples of the patient, A/H1N1 viruses isolated since reporting flu subtype.
October 2008 to 28 elementary school students three years of a class (enrollment 40) of 25 influenza-like symptoms, but missed out for 14, was taken in closed classes.
Patient test results were carrying the virus 5 (by medical kit A quick and elementary school students were confirmed to be flu-positive mother of four students and one name) of the five swab samples from the throat, MDCK cells and inoculation, and the first subcultured three generations in an isolated the virus from the samples.
Sharing from the National Institute of Infectious Diseases Virus isolation using the 2008/09 influenza virus identification kits for the season HI test, the anti A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1) Serum (Homo number 640) HI titer against 320 anti A/Uruguay/716/2007 (H3N2) serum (the 640), B/Brisbane/3/2007 anti-serum (in 2560) and anti-B / Malaysia / 2506/2004 serum (the 640) for the HI titer of <10 was.
HA gene (1014bp), NA gene (1044bp), MP gene (926bp) in the results of homology analysis, three separate sequences of the virus stocks is 100 percent match.
In addition, HA gene is one of three amino acid substitution (G204V, A208T, H211R) are, NA gene is an indicator of the stock H275Y oseltamivir resistance is recognized by amino acid substitution, M2 and the stock index of amantadine-resistant gene S31N amino acid substitution could not be accepted.
Phylogenetic analysis of the NA gene of the isolates belong to the SABUKUREDO 2B, HA and MP gene clusters that are classified in the same family tree of genetic analysis (Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3).
The index of shares and separating the H275Y oseltamivir resistance mutations of the flu virus in the city of Sendai is the first time that we need to continue to investigate the separation of the shares.
Ju Hee Yuuiti Yoshida Nobuko Watanabe Hirokazu Nagayama Emiko Nosaki Asano Aya Kudou Taihaku District Health Center Masanori Kumagai Masao Oguro child beauty Aya Sekine cages Katsumi Masamiti Ooyama Health Laboratory in Sendai
Re: World Health Organization: Influenza A(H1N1) virus resistance to oseltamivir - 2008/2009 influenza season, northern hemisphere (1/6/2009)
News> from the 2008/09 season's first cold AH1 separate group of influenza virus subtype - SHIGA
2008年11月、滋賀県において2008/09シーズン初となる小学校での集団かぜ事例から、オセルタミビル耐性のAH1亜型インフルエンザウイルス が分離されたので、その概要を報告する。
November 2008 in Shiga Prefecture in the group of cold cases from the 2008/09 school's first season, it was AH1 oseltamivir-resistant influenza virus subtype are separated, the report summary.
2008年11月13日、滋賀県内の小学校3クラスで集団かぜが発生し、学級閉鎖が実施された。
2008 November 13, three elementary schools in Shiga Prefecture occurred in the cold group classes, classes were conducted closed.
5, 2007 onset of the November 8-12, the main symptoms are fever (38.2 ~ 39.8 ℃) and upper respiratory symptoms, headache, vomiting, joint pain muscle pain recognition.
The premise of the separation of the MDCK cell influenza virus, while two of five people, MDCK cell primary culture were allowed four days from the cytopathic effect.
Therefore, these isolates were distributed from the National Institute of Infectious Diseases, using the hemagglutination inhibition 2008/09 identification kits for the flu season (HI) test the anti A/Brisbane/59/2007 ( H1N1) Serum (Homo number 1280) for the HI titer of 320 against the anti A/Uruguay/716/2007 (H3N2) Serum (in 1280), B/Malaysia/2506/2004 anti-serum (the 2560) and anti-serum B/Brisbane/3/2007 (in 2560) are both HI titer <10 was, and identified the virus isolate AH1 flu subtype.
In addition, the separation of the two NA shares were part of the genetic analysis of genes, that are characteristic of stocks and shares H275Y oseltamivir resistance were resistant marker.
国立感染症研究所ウイルス第三部第一室に確認検査を依頼したところ、耐性株であることが確定さ れた。
After the inspection request to the third room of the Ministry of National Institute of Infectious Diseases, the virus was confirmed to be resistant stocks.
Influenza virus isolated in one of the two people getting sick from November 10 to Sunday, 11 were from the mouth to Tamiflu, the other one did not take.
2008 1-3 were isolated from samples taken in Shiga prefecture AH1 to isolate influenza virus subtype 16 shares, the shares oseltamivir resistance was not allowed.
The separation was the first time in Shiga-resistant stocks, in the 2007/08 season is the emergence of resistance in the stock and Kanagawa and Hyogo, Tottori Prefecture in 32.4% of the shares had been reported and are resistant (IASR 29: 334-339, 2008).
The number of patients in each survey point flu infection occurred, Shiga, 2008, the first 50 weeks (12 / 8 to 14) the number of patients in the epidemic began more than 1.0.
Re: World Health Organization: Influenza A(H1N1) virus resistance to oseltamivir - 2008/2009 influenza season, northern hemisphere (1/6/2009)
Preliminary summary on oseltamivir- resistant H1N1 virus: Australia
Reporting date: 23 December 2008
Influenza activity in Australia during 2008 southern hemisphere season was moderate with the
majority of viruses detected being of either influenza B or influenza A(H3N2) type/subtype. 115
influenza A(H1N1) viruses have been received at the WHO Collaborating Centre in Melbourne
and were analysed for antiviral sensitivity. Of these, 108 (94%) viruses were confirmed to
possess the specific mutation (H275Y) that confers high-level resistance to oseltamivir. These
strains remained fully sensitive to zanamivir and sequence analysis of the M2 gene found that
these strains do not have mutations associated with adamantane resistance.
Table: Oseltamivir-resistant A(H1N1) virus (1st April to 23rd December 2008)
# Australian A(H1N1) viruses
tested
# Australian A(H1N1) viruses
with H275Y mutation (%)
Table 1. Influenza A(H1N1) virus resistance to oseltamivir, the second and the third quarters 2008
Region
Country, area or territory
No. of H1N1
isolates
tested
No.(%) of
isolates
resistant to
oseltamivir
No.(%) of viruses tested positive for
oseltamivir resistance?
AFRO Cameroon 2 2
Ghana 22 13 (59%)
Ivory Coast 5 2
Kenya 9 1
Madagascar 9 0
Mauritius 1 1
Nigeria 1 1
Senegal 10 10 (100%)
Seychelles 8 5
South Africa 225 225 (100%)
AFRO Total 292 260 (89%)
AMRO Argentina 36 18 (50%)
Brazil 18 4 (22%)
Canada 2 1
Chile 90 12 (13%)
Colombia 1 0
Costa Rica 19 14 (74%)
El Salvador 32 21 (66%)
Guadeloupe 1 0
Guatemala 5 4
Honduras 8 5
Mexico 3 1
Nicaragua 13 0
Panama 9 0
Paraguay 1 0
Peru 9 0
United States of America 10 3 (30%)
Uruguay 17 14 (82%)
Venezuela 1 1
AMRO Total 275 98 (36%)
EMRO Jordan 2 1
EMRO Total 2 1
EURO Netherlands 2 1
Norway 8 6
Russian Federation 20 9 (45%)
United Kingdom 1 1
EURO Total 31 17 (55%)
SEARO India 1 0
Thailand 12 0
SEARO Total 13 0
WPRO Australia 76 71 (93%)
China, Hong Kong SAR 583 97 (17%)
Japan 7 1
Malaysia 8 0
New Caledonia 7 7
New Zealand 2 2
Philippines 11 10 (91%)
Singapore 6 3
Vietnam 31 21 (68%)
WPRO Total 731 212 (29%)
Re: World Health Organization: Influenza A(H1N1) virus resistance to oseltamivir - 2008/2009 influenza season, northern hemisphere (1/6/2009)
Preliminary summary on oseltamivir- resistant H1N1 virus: South Africa
Reporting date: 6 October 2008
During the 2008 influenza season in the southern hemisphere, a total of 306 H1N1 viruses have
been isolated in South Africa to date. 225 isolates have been tested for oseltamivir resistance by
the National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) and 100% were found to be resistant to
oseltamivir by PCR and sequencing.
Month of sampling May 08 June 08 July 08 Aug 08 Sept 08
No. of H1N1 isolates tested 4 64 68 60 29
No.(%) of viruses resistant to oseltamivir 4
(100%)
64 (100%) 68 (100%) 60
(100%)
29
(100%)
Specimen collection sites:
Influenza surveillance in South Africa is based on sentinel general practitioners networks.
Currently there are 170 sentinel sites in all 9 provinces.
Geographical distribution:
Specimens were collected from patients in all nine provinces in South Africa
.
Demography:
The specimens tested were collected from both adults and children.
Oseltamivir use:
One patient that is known to have taken oseltamivir prior to sampling. Duration of therapy not
known.
Vaccination history:
Three of the 225 H1N1 patients whose isolate was tested had been vaccinated
.
Clinical features, special underlying conditions and other findings:
No unusual clinical feature or underlying conditions.
Summary provided by:
Dr Terry Besselaar
National Influenza Centre, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South
Re: World Health Organization: Influenza A(H1N1) virus resistance to oseltamivir - 2008/2009 influenza season, northern hemisphere (1/6/2009)
Preliminary summary on Oseltamivir- resistant H1N1 virus: Chile
Reporting date: 6 January 2009
During the 2008 influenza season in the southern hemisphere, a total of 441 H1N1 viruses have
been detected in Chile. Ninety viruses have been tested for oseltamivir resistance (H275Y) at the
Public Institute of Health, Chile and at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta,
USA.
Month of Sampling April - August
2008
No. of H1N1 viruses tested 90
No. (%) of viruses resistant to Oseltamivir 12 (13%)
Specimen collection sites:
Influenza surveillance in Chile is based on a network of hospital (22) and sentinel sites (19)
throughout the country.
Geographical distribution:
Specimens were collected from patients in Antofagasta (Northern Chile), the capital Santiago, Vi?a
del Mar, Valparaiso (Central Chile), Talcahuano, Valdivia, Puerto Montt and Coyhaique (Southern
Chile)
. The 12 oseltamivir-resistant H1N1 viruses were detected mainly in Central Chile: Santiago
(5), Valparaiso (1), Vi?a del Mar (1), San Felipe (1), and also from southern Chile: Concepcion (2)
and Talcahuano (2).
Demography:
Specimens were collected from both adults and children.
Oseltamivir use:
No known history of oseltamivir use among the patients.
Vaccination history:
Unknown.
Clinical features, special underlying conditions and other findings:
No unusual clinical features or underlying conditions in patients with infection with oseltamivirresistant
Oseltamivir-resistant A(H1N1) isolates from Yamagata in the 2007-2008 season might have acquired resistance through the use of oseltamivir, and the 2008-2009 oseltamivir-resistant isolates might have been introduced into Japan and circulated throughout the country. Influenza surveillance to monitor …
> CONCLUSION: Oseltamivir-resistant A(H1N1) isolates from Yamagata in the 2007-2008
> season might have acquired resistance through the use of oseltamivir, and the 2008-2009
> oseltamivir-resistant isolates might have been introduced into Japan and circulated
> throughout the country
> A phylogenetic analysis revealed that two oseltamivir-resistant viruses isolated in the
> 2007-2008 season were closely related to other oseltamivir-susceptible viruses in
> Yamagata but were different from oseltamivir-resistant viruses isolated in Europe
> and North America in the 2007-2008 season
The oseltamivir-resistant viruses isolated in Japan in the 2008-2009 season were phylogenetically similar to oseltamivir-resistant isolates from Europe and North America during the 2007-2008 season.
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